【 Weak current college 】 building (construction) construction of collapse after the disposal measures and rescue---Power By 【 China power house network 】

Collapse-also called the collapse, refers to the slopes, and riparian, buildings or stacked things fall down. Along with the rapid development of science and technology, the growing strength of the comprehensive national strength, and urban land resources are scarce and the rapid growth of the population, using reinforced concrete and other new building material in the construction of various types of construction (construction) construction of more and more, and showing a building (construction) construction of volume is growing, highly increasing, more and more complex structures and building materials are increasingly strong. At the same time, the building (construction) construction material for various reasons the number of times the collapse is gradually increasing, fire and rescue personnel disposition will become more and more difficult. Therefore, the fire brigade commanders at all levels should take precautions and closely follow the development of fire-fighting work situation, an in-depth study and discussion of the founded (structure) to build structures, since the collapse of the rescue of the disposal measures.
　　
1. a building (construction) construction structures, the cause of the collapse
　　
Led to the construction (construction) construction structures, the cause of the collapse, but can be summarized in the following two categories: one category is built (structure) to build structures in the design, construction and in use because of human error caused by the conduct; one is affected by the earthquakes, typhoons and floods, and other serious natural disasters and attacks, as well as a fire or explosion damage, etc.
　　
(A) human factors
　　
In view of the building (construction) construction structures, collapse of many factors, the firemen should be fully informed of and attention to avoid the rescue process recurring collapse leading to casualties. Major attention to the following five areas:
　　
1. lack of overall soundness
　　
Subject to objective historical conditions and economic underdevelopment and other factors, our early production (constitutive) built in design standards not proposed structure design of the overall robustness requirements. The so-called overall durability, refers to the building structure in the event of a partial failure, not a recurrence of Domino-like progressive collapse (even to the role of local failure are often unavoidable). For example, the military building, panjin city, Liaoning province, because the House next door gas explosion occurred, explosion pressure wave down a floor side corridor wall, only to collapse caused by continuous and even entire buildings were razed to the ground. And in the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, has led to the city's most building (construction) construction of collapse, technical analysis, building structure generally lack the overall soundness is a very important reason.
　　
2. where non-conformity
　　
Now many unscrupulous contractors in order to capture the biggest economic interests, at the shoddy work, shoddy, crudely made out of the building (construction) construction material as if it were "rubbish", capacity shortage of loose, fire resistance time greatly reduced, in case of typhoons, floods, fire or earthquake of magnitude too low will collapse. As shocked the country of the Rainbow Bridge in Sichuan province qijiang collapse, because of serious quality problems, has just completed and put into operation soon collapse, many soldiers were killed and the masses. October 8, 2007, in Suzhou Zhangjiagang weifu thermal energy technology co., Ltd. in building 7 collapse, so people were killed, four wounded, is also the problem by constructing quality lead to tragedy.
　　
3. load exceeds the carrying capacity
　　
Each building (construction) construction of floors, beams and columns in the load has its bearing capacity, but in actual use some people tend to ignore the problem, in the floor a large number of items on the stack, which greatly exceeded the capacity per unit area. What is more, in a known building itself already overburdened, or stamped with the floor or on the floor at the construction carried out demolition (construction) construction of lost its original capacity, resulting in a building (construction) construction of collapse or structural faults. This is particularly likely to occur in the use of unqualified building materials, building design and construction of building construction in violation of (constitutive) build.
　　
4. was the explosion destroyed
　　
Built in known (structure) to build structures, the cause of the collapse, mostly by various types of explosion pressure wave or wave destroyed. If, for a variety of man-made causes leak out of gas or liquid in case of a dangerous chemicals cause explosion or fire; production using Fireworks, explosive or explosive device units, for operation accidentally trigger explosions or detonation, etc., will cause the build to build (constitutive) from collapse. And 18 February 1996, the South Gate, Yangzhou city, Jiangsu Province Street in a six-storey residential building, floor, side underground gas pipeline rupture, make the interface Department of gas leakage into the building, residential building flee underground Foundation layer of closed spaces, forming an explosive mixture, in the event of a fire of unknown cause violent explosions, some units to house collapses 19 people were killed and five others were injured. In addition, there are criminals or terrorists implementation of explosives and explosive attacks, such as 16 March 2001, Shijiazhuang Hebei province in the early hours of the urban areas two factory dormitory are criminals with Earth blasted collapsed, killing 108 people dead and eight wounded.
　　
5. the impact of various objects
　　
Mainly in the following four conditions: first, it is often happens on the construction site of the tower crane, crane accident, overturning a large number of metal components for building collapse collapse hit (structure) to build; the second is the driver for a variety of causes of accidents, car collision to the side of the building (construction) to build on, cause the building (construction) construction of collapse; third, the aircraft accident crash, resulting in a building (construction) construction of collapse; fourth, the large trees, billboards, poles and towers, and other large objects is wind down, to built (structure) to build on, causing the collapse of the housing.
　　
(Ii) natural factors
　　
Cause build (structure) to build structures, collapse of natural factors also have a lot, but can be summarized as affected by the earthquakes, typhoons and floods in the attacks.
　　
1. earthquake
　　
China is the world's earthquake-prone country. In the event of intensity and magnitude are very strong earthquake, the construction of the groundGeneral building (construction) construction materials will be seriously damaged, but has a high earthquake resistance of the building (construction) build from there though does not collapse, but it will happen as a result of ground loosening, overall dumping could easily cause secondary disaster-gas and hazardous chemical spills, fires, explosions, reservoirs, rivers and dams outburst, landslide, etc. After the earthquakes are often also will continue to occur in a short time, to build aftershocks of (constitutive) build of constitute the second threat of collapse, serious impact and disturbance firefighters rescue operations.
　　
2. Typhoon
　　
Typhoon is the wind speed ≥ 32.7m/s of tropical cyclones. Usually typhoons near maximum wind speed of 40 ~ 60m/s, up to 100m/s. When the wind level great Typhoon (hurricane), some will separate the strong winds, heavy rains occurred or storm surges, if these three against at the same time, the most devastating. As of July 1995, no. 3 China's Henan province strong in-depth, only deaths reaches tens of thousands of people.
　　
3. flood
　　
China's periodically will occur at the same time in a number of regional catastrophic flood, storm, discussions will not only cause a deluge, also raises serious secondary disaster-debris flows and landslides, reservoirs and rivers burst, so that people living in the River were destroyed. In 1998, our major floods occurred, 497 000 housing collapse, 3004 deaths. In addition, volcanic eruption, avalanche, tsunamis and geological conditions caused by ground subsidence and other natural disasters can have built (constitutive) build of collapse.
　　
2. building (construction) construction of collapse site features
　　
Building (structural) occurred built from collapse, the scene is typically has the following three characteristics:
　　
1. personnel and materials were buried. Use the built in (structure) to build structures in the event of collapse, will enable people and goods were buried in rubble. However, because the reinforced concrete beam-column joints and floor very firmly that the housing collapse, although these building components has been fragmented, but there's still has a strong supporting role, often some personnel to be lucky enough to wrap the broken building elements to gasp in the gap when firefighters to be timely, effective rescue was buried there is still pressure personnel may survive. Critical 72 hours rescue time determines the buried pressure personnel's life and prognosis. Since the collapse of a large number of architectural ruins scene, fire officers it is difficult to ascertain at how many people were buried, and was buried pressure parts, using a large rescue of mechanical equipment for the time will be delayed.
　　
2. stack stacked hard to clean. Present (constitutive) built from either flat or building, the widespread use of the reinforced concrete construction, and most of the building, therefore, in the event of collapse, the massive ruins of reinforced cement has multiple layers and stacked together, sturdy reinforced twisted around, there's also the air hanging cement block, in which case it is difficult to use large machinery and equipment into rescue. Currently, firefighters mainly rely on the use of lightweight manual or electric breaking equipment operation rescue, rescue, efficiency and time were greatly affected.
　　
3. easy to trigger secondary disasters. Residential building, apartment buildings, facilities, materials warehouse and various factories built (constitutive) after the collapse of building structures, but also easy to trigger secondary disasters. Because these structures built of (constitutive), there are a variety of civilian fuel gas, industrial production has flammable, explosive, toxic corrosive gas (liquid) and hazardous chemicals and other substances. When environmental conditions allow leakage of gas (liquid) in steam explosion concentration limit is reached, the case of a fire will burn caused explosion. Leak out toxic corrosive gas (liquid) in lethal concentration, buried pressure and rescue personnel of the life-threatening. In addition, the tall building (construction) construction of collapse is likely to drop it down or collapse around the building (construction) construction.
　　
3. collapse of alarm and scheduling
　　
Fire sticks (big) team of fire communications command center, received on the building (construction) to build structures collapsed event alarm, according to the pre-established rescue emergency response plans for alarm and scheduling.
　　
(A) alarm matters
　　
Fire communications command center attendance, receive alerts on collapse, you should ask the collapse site under the following conditions: 1. collapse of the building (construction) built by name or company name and address of the building (construction) construction of using nature, collapse, there have been buried and pressure. 2. alarm person's phone number and the collapse of the building (construction) construction of the telephone number (available through query fire-fighting and rescue operations or 114 units informed) and collapses in place to keep in touch, always grasp the situation changes.
　　
(Ii) Scheduler
　　
Fire communications command center attendant send first deployed forces Commander, on duty rushed to the scene of the command-and-rescue, the collapse will report to the total value of the monitor.
　　
1. strengthening first deployed. (1) fire communication and command centres of the watchman entertained after the alarm, press ATO or plan to send area fire Squadron, neighbouring fire Squadron and fire special (large) team, and immediately collapse site to watch Commander reports. (2) duty Commander as a first deployed forces arrived at command, depending on the mobilization of reinforcements, the collapse of the scene to the branch (big) team report, the total value of the monitor to hear instructions, the implementation of the rescue operations. (3) Watch Commander shall, in accordance with the collapse of the on-site rescue, mobilization techniques and tactics needed to combat the following equipment: tank foam fire engines, fire trucks, rescue fire engines and emergency rescue fire trucks, lift trucks, lighting, exhaust fire engines and communication command fire engines, etc.
　　
2. the total value of the monitor. (1) fire branch (big) team worth the monitor according to collapse the situation to decide whether to local governments and fire chief (branch) team report. (2) in the event of a serious fall event, shall immediately report the matter to the local government emergency response Office, request restartAnimal emergency response and rescue plans, operational aspects of the interaction forces rescue together.
　　
3. rescue forces. You can input the collapse site emergency response and rescue forces the use of various aspects: (1) the relevant government departments: public safety, transportation, health, safety, environmental and construction Committee. (2) social units: medical treatment, ambulance, running water, electricity, gas, transportation and lifting mining machinery company, etc. (3) for the construction and engineering technologists. (4) armed forces and the local garrison.
　　
4. disposal procedures and technical and tactical measures
　　
Collapse of disposal procedures and technical and tactical measures correctly determines the effectiveness of rescue, rescue personnel and fire-fighting equipment.
　　
(A) the scene reconnaissance
　　
1. ask the insiders. (1) advance the scene area fire Squadron, special (large) team Commander and Commander, you should first ask the insiders of the scene to understand the situation, identify the building (construction) construction of collapsed there were buried, and buried the pressure number and location, etc. (2) clarify the collapse of the building (construction) construction of area, layers, layout, and use the properties, there is no gas, hazardous chemicals, etc.
　　
2. field static reconnaissance. (1) confirm that the collapse of the scene being buried and pressure, the Commander ordered all personnel keep quiet, all vehicles out, let the scene is static. (2) the Commander with a device called the collapse of the scene, told buried issued ring for sound pressure to firefighters found buried press officer position and status, to win the rescue time. (3) fire-fighting personnel standing to collapse around the scene to observe and listen to a ring for the collapse of the scene, to report findings of commanders, and has been buried press personnel Department for smart tags.
　　
3. use of equipment for reconnaissance. (1) a commander under ask and static field reconnaissance resulting collapse, decide whether to use surveillance detection equipment for further supplementary investigation to determine the rescue scene have caused explosions, fire and the possibility of poisoning dangerous to take the right measures to rescue techniques and tactics to provide the scientific basis. (2) currently, the public security fire brigade equipment in search of buried press officer of equipment mainly: DKL-low frequency electromagnetic wave life detector, snake eyes life detector, SB8 ultrasonic life detector, reconnaissance robot and thermal imager and other advanced equipment. Detection of various types of combustible gas (liquid) and toxic gas a wide variety of instruments, should be based on the actual needs of the site. (3) a search and rescue dogs or dogs, should dispatch them into battle.
　　
4. on-site continuous surveillance. For large-span, big space, high floor or very dangerous complex collapsed scene commanders at all dangerous parts of setting more than one danger observation post, specified lean fire personnel security observer, responsible for the collapse site danger of continuous surveillance, once the danger, to rescue personnel.
　　
(Ii) rescue command
　　
1. fire support (large) team Commander at the rate of reconnaissance team on the collapse of the building's security status of a full range of detailed reconnaissance, determine whether the establishment of fire rescue command, by command of officers for on-site situations and rescue techniques and tactics of measures and action programmes, the deployable rescue force input operations.
　　
2. Government launches emergency response and rescue plan, set up on-site command, arrived at the scene of the fire brigade Supreme Commander as Deputy Commander, in command of the work. The other executives and the Commander in charge of rescue firefighters on site.
　　
3. the Commander needs according to the situation to determine whether traffic and a fire control to determine whether the set warning zone and delineation of the scope of the warning area.
　　
4. the Commander to fire in response to the scene of the Squadron, special (large) team of personnel and equipment strength distribution of science to deploy combat missions, to give full play to the role of professional rescue equipment.
　　
5. the Commander should accompany the construction and engineering and technical experts on site surveys to assess the collapse of a building (construction) construction of risk, listen to their views and, if necessary, on the deployed rescue force to adjust.
　　
(3) the technical and tactical measures
　　
1. when the alarm was informed that the collapse site has a large number of highly toxic, corrosive or flammable gas (liquid) leaking, bazzar command to collapse the scene of fire power of choice to avoid dangerous gases in azimuth and distance close to collapse the scene, the strength of the security service aggregation, parking, establish rescue platforms, open access of emergency vehicles.
　　
2. According to the needs of the collapse site, combined with the unit off the water, electricity, gas supply, eliminate security risks.
　　
3. where there is a highly toxic, corrosive or flammable gas (liquid) leaking of rescue collapse site, you should first deployment water gun (gun) Jet spray jet, from the upper hand to the outside off dangerous gases, on-site surveillance inspection after the rescue.
　　
4. in order to prevent accidents while implementing relief operations, you must use the emergency equipment on the site may collapse and the staff were buried for pressure parts, support, and supporting top, breaking, crane, lifting, welding and cutting and occlusion and reliable protection, in particular, should strengthen the still have collapsed in the dangerous parts of support protection, avoid being buried pressure or rescue groups are secondary damage.
　　
5. scope of commanders should be considered as rescue, rescue and relief effort, will participate in the rescue forces into battle group, turns. Making war service, ensure that the rescue personnel stamina and fire-fighting equipment of fuel can be recharged in a timely manner so that the rescue for best results.
　　
6. the Commander shall, in accordance with the principle of "first" three decided to rescue order: first save easily save; first rescue injured workers; to save some signs of life. We strive to make morePeople had survived.
　　
7. save the bodies of the personnel and by the medical ambulance personnel disposition. For excessive blood loss, life is dying, and rescue is not out of buried pressure, to health care professionals to stop bleeding, blood transfusion, infusion or oxygen therapy where personnel may give psychological comfort and companionship for trapped there to win the confidence of the people.
　　
(4) transfer of site cleanup
　　
1. rescue work is finished, the Commander shall order the relief workers on the scene to carry out a comprehensive carefully check to ensure that no person left in the scene.
　　
2. orders the war units, collection team, noses, finishing equipment, recursively report, listen to the instructions, the original road returns.
　　
3. to the affected units, local government and public security organ transfer field.
　　
5. Security considerations
　　
Collapse the rescue scene also has fire, explosion and toxicity hazards, such as fire personnel must be highly vigilant, do a security to ensure that secondary disasters do not occur, do not allow rescue workers and was buried pressure suffered secondary damage.
　　
1. fire-fighting personnel must wear full personal protective equipment, if necessary, isolated or filtering to wear-and-gas mask.
　　
2. fire officers in the field of rescue, you must first make the scene reconnaissance, only exclude the possible secondary disasters, aid workers and was buried press officers suffered second injury danger before rescue. The collapse in precarious positions shall not be exposed to risks hastily boarding or entry into very dangerous ruins, shall separate operations.
　　
3. the situation is unknown, you may not use large machinery and equipment operation, beware accidental buried press officer. Use large machinery operation, you must specify the safety observation, manipulator with security officer agreeable, Curried, accurate, slings must be tied, does not overload the strong lifting, not pull hard drag related to cable rupture or overturned.
　　
4. the use of welding machines, metal cutting machines and easily spark of equipment for rescue, you must enclose the combustible gas detector confirm site without tipping hazard.
　　
5. the Commander of the scene under collapsed, determining whether to set the danger observation posts, all experienced firefighters as security observer, predetermined good alert signal. When the danger appears, security alert signal immediately the observer, rescue personnel must be evacuated safely and quickly, to exclude the danger, to continue operations.
　　
6. fire support (large, medium) team in the original fire fighting plan to add a content, i.e. the building (construction) construction of structure, level and time to completion, as Commander determined when implementing collapse and rescue the construction (construction) construction of foundations of security and reliability