【 Weak current College 】 main Chinese Metro fire facilities and fire protection issues

Summary: after extensive research and consult on the basis of relevant information, to our existing and under construction Metro fire facilities are described, and on the main subway fire problems are analysed.
Tags: Subway; fire-fighting facilities; fire risk

To mitigate current and future deteriorating urban transport issues, some big cities in China has been or is in the process of construction of the subway. There are already operational in Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangzhou four cities, is under construction in Nanjing and Shenzhen, MTR will become China's major cities. The author focuses on China has built and built Metro fire facilities, and analyze the main Chinese Metro fire problems.
1 the main Chinese Metro fire fighting facilities
1.1 Guangzhou subway
1.1.1 four sets of communications equipment ensure the smooth flow of fire information
Guangzhou metro from four channels quickly collected information. An automatic alarm system, station of FAS automatic fire alarm system is very sensitive, you can automatically collect fire information area, and promptly transmitted to the station control rooms and control center, automatically trigger fires and smoke extraction mode; second, the radio, the station staff and subway drivers available through wireless system passes to the control center; three accident information is wired communication emergency telephone, staff is available through telephone contact with the control centre; the fourth is the platform of the CCTV video transmission systems. Stations equipped with a full range of the monitor, a real-time collection points in the direction of video information.
1.1.2 architectural decoration refractories
Guangzhou subway train seat uses the stainless steel material, subway tunnels of fiber-optic cable used fire-retardant, low smoke, halogen-free materials, train, station of decoration materials used are non-toxic, inflammable materials, station interval works with reinforced concrete structures. These designs will possibilities of the station itself on fire down to its lowest point.
1.1.3 fire facilities
Every car on the train is equipped with two fire extinguishers, sufficient to cover the initial fire compartments. In stations, fire-fighting facilities very perfect, according to the standard configuration sufficient hydrants and fire extinguishers. Important equipment rooms are configured with automatic fire-extinguishing systems. In the station's entrance in the vicinity and external fire hydrant, convenient interface to external rescue force support.
1.1.4 control system reliable
Train emergency alarm button, fire, explosion, accident, the passenger can quickly pressing this button tells the driver. In dealing with incidents as possible when the driver to a train station, in front of so you can rely on the strength of the fire station for disaster relief (train usually only need to travel around 1.5min to next station). If the train has stopped at the station, passengers can pull open the corresponding platform location above the door of a red emergency mechanical unlocking handle and shield door unlock button on the green door for evacuation (even without power supply, the train doors and screen door or you can manually open), do not appear like Korea subway accident passengers could not open the door.
In the event of fire, explosion, accident, train in tunnel cannot run time, the driver will inform the passenger by train emergency evacuation doors at both ends of an evacuation, and start the car emergency lighting and ventilation system (in-vehicle emergency backup power supply ensures that the interior lighting, air 45min). Passengers in the staff of the Organization, despite the fresh wind direction for evacuation.
Guangzhou metro high degree of automation, when the station train fire, smoke system quickly information transfer to the control centre, and boot the signal blocking system, avoid adjacent train enters the station. At the same time, the station also has features for car and simple operation. Guangzhou metro stations have reliable smoke extraction facilities, smoke extraction capacity is greater than the fire of poisonous gas. The design of the smoke, according to the "people-oriented" principle, the system can collect 2s to fire information, 2min to complete device startup, exhaust equipment startup a lot of fresh air the influx from the entrance, through reasonable airflow, smoke from the station at both ends of the ventilation exhaust, ensuring passengers well always can meet fresh air evacuation.
1.1.5 dual power supply system ensure foolproof
Guangzhou metro provides important information and smoke fire equipment uses a class load, "dual power supplies, dual loop", and both ends of the facilities at the station is set up independently, each alternate. All the power outage, in addition all the power immediately and automatically input supply, ensuring reliable operation of smoke control equipment. Even if all the double-circuit power supply is interrupted, the station emergency lighting can provide guidance signs and emergency lighting, and other basic electricity 1h, ensure foolproof.
1.1.6 management system strictly
Guangzhou metro has strict management system, can effectively prevent and control the fire. Guangzhou metro staff before every operation on the exhaust device startup checks to ensure the normal operation of equipment. Company staff management of paramilitary, and regularly carry out appropriate fire drill, the staff on a variety of emergency response skills mastery, and running practice has developed a suite of sophisticated emergency treatment programmes.
1.2 Shanghai Metro
Shanghai Metro has two sets of automatic fire facilities: two levels of automatic monitoring system, the level is set at the station, level located in the central control room; automatic fire sprinkler systems, water and gas injection two, for different reasons for regulation of fire. In a fire hydrant, emergency lighting and alarm call. Subway trains of the on-board fire-fighting support, an additional set of fire extinguishing equipment, 256 and compartments of the striking position setting luminous signs that indicate access method, the convenience of passengers in emergency situations.
Configure the set of a gas mask, 178 has been distributed to the 23 block, ground station, subway tunnels also has special exhaust devices, in the event of fire, tunnel accident fan system will start, in the shortest possible time emit toxic fumes to prevent suffocation. In addition, if an accident occurs in train compartments, in doors cannot be opened, the front of the "in front of the ad hoc escape doors" open by artificial, passenger evacuation. Underground stations located emergency lighting evacuation signs, while at the same time provided with security ban marked。
1.3 Shenzhen Metro
1.3.1 decoration materials
Shenzhen Metro vehicles, station material selection via fire station all through the certification of fire protection materials, vehicles, cars, handrails, seats, equipment pipes, station platform, walls, ceilings and other materials are all non-combustible or fire retardant materials.
1.3.2 automated control and fire alarm system
Shenzhen Metro automatic control system, fire alarm system is the world's most advanced. When an emergency alarm system can be used in a few seconds reliable, accurate, rapid alert. After receiving the alarm signal, automatic control system will automatically open and manipulate fan, water pump, emergency lighting, gas fire suppression equipment, emergency and rescue equipment. If the circuit is interrupted, the battery will start more rescue equipment, thus not happen aren't able to drive a car door.
1.3.3 smoke control design
The station is designed with fire smoke partition system, installed in the upper station of the ceiling for several storage area, each kept growing areas are installed exhaust duct, exhaust duct can quickly be smoke, toxic gases into exclusion, prevent the spread of smoke and fire.
1.3.4 emergency evacuation system
Shenzhen Metro emergency evacuation system perfect, when in the fire, all of gates, doors will open automatically to safe direction, all elevators in direction towards safety, evacuation channel spacious, in emergency situations ensuring 6min will all the passengers and crew evacuated to safety. At the same time, the Shenzhen subway design utilizing software management system to prevent emergency fire. Design time all stations, compartments probably died in a fire situation simulations into over 100 fire situation to enter the computer system, computer system according to the actual situation the prompt start of fire emergency evacuation systems.
1.3.5 fire water system
Shenzhen Metro fire hydrant system for wet systems, pipe-shaped layout, its services in the range of stations and station adjacent district of line slope bottom (liaison channel). The city's tap water pipe fittings for fire, the layout in the station Hall, the lower part of the platform layer and interval, pedestrian passageway, according to the location setting fire hydrant pipes. Fire box set spacing: of the station Hall floor ~ 40m 30m; platform layer 40m ~ 50m; station Hall layers, device platform layer and pedestrian passageway according to requirements set.
In the introduction of external water supply tube station is set on fire pump adapter, adaptor 40m range located outdoor low voltage fire hydrant.
1.4 Beijing Subway
Beijing is China's first to build Metro City. There was a Beijing line subway construction not for urban development, transportation, but in response to the then international environment war preparations. Thus, their internal construction and design standards are far from being able to meet current requirements. Beijing MTR building structures with steel reinforced concrete structures, one line per one fire hydrant 100m, second line a 300m ~ 500m. Room is equipped with automatic fire extinguishing system, all sites are equipped with portable fire extinguishers, smoke exhaust ventilation and good ventilation system with a set. The station is equipped with emergency lighting, emergency broadcast on the train.
2 my Metro fire problems exist
2.1 old subway fire hazards more
2.1.1 potential serious electrical equipment
In Beijing, the second line of the subway in a total of more than 50 substation, apart from a few located on the ground, the rest are located in the underground stations along. Underground power station in addition to power generation equipment, there are 6 seat 35 kV substation with oil-immersed transformer and oil-impregnated coil. Once the power transformer or coil burst fire tank, oil will leak around the overflow from lifting or cable hole into the subway tunnel, will directly endanger operation of vehicle safety, and the fire spread. In addition, the transformer room and the erection of a tunnel fire partition between is not set, the fire spread more easily.
2.1.2 the electric wire electric cable laying disorder
In Beijing Subway tunnel side wall cable carriers, various voltage levels for cable clutter of superimposed together, as long as there is a wire to the fire, will cause the entire system of blackout, expanding the scope of the accident. In addition, some Unshielded Cables directly laying in contact track behind the shield, or have been water immersion, even directly without processing the cable head buried in the cement. Most of these cables without flame treatment of PVC for insulating materials, fire or short-circuit, produces large amounts of smoke and toxic gas, serious harm to the passengers and the safety of emergency personnel. In addition, underground rodents serious, repeated mice chewing wires, cables, short circuit, device burned by accident.
2.1.3 fire load larger
Beijing Metro, line 28 stations, setting up 227 dot commercial services, in the line of the station Hall, platform Gallery, channel, inside the set 14000 block light box, drawing board, wall stickers and other advertising carrier. These facilities are not only taking up space limited dispersal, also increased the stations of fire load, increasing the likelihood of a fire.
2.1.4 equipment overload
Beijing Subway exhaust fan, air conditioners, escalators, traffic signal controller, lighting equipment, electrical equipment, in the long run, over load, easy to cause a fire.
2.1.5 privacy on the housing mess
Beijing subway construction body mostly non-burning body, but in the halls, rooms decorated with a considerable number of combustible materials, some important engine room, equipment rooms, room with wooden flooring, wall, ceiling and plastic foam absorption material. In the underground workshop also build some temporary rooms, to ensure that the staff of life needs. At the same time, the Metro staff makes extensive use of desiccant, electric heaters, electric, electrical equipment, private pull the wire, increases the risk of fire.
2.1.6 electric passenger car safety high performance
Beijing Subway existing electric bus 117 column, 579 section, the use of glass fiber reinforced plastic material. However, because China has yet to develop subway vehicles dedicated fireproof grade rules, therefore, on the design of electric buses can only reference an existing fire technical standards for design, but these technology signAccess is not entirely suited to the special requirements of Metro vehicles, interior decorating material flame-retardant properties. In addition, inside the alarm call facility, accident State opening door devices equipment not one, not convenient for passengers and drivers for disaster communication or to take the appropriate measures.
2.1.7 fire facilities incomplete
Beijing Metro, line of fire-fighting equipment is very simple. Its station, station Hall are not set for automatic fire alarm systems and fire extinguishing facilities. Although there is a metro station, fire hydrant system but poor maintenance, individual station subway fire pipe network is not connected with the municipal network, part of the fire hydrant rust death cannot be used. Metro tunnel evacuation signs did not meet the "tunnels and evacuation channels every 100m set a" and "its height from the ground 1m ~ 1.2m" requirement; accident lights did not meet the "evacuation channels and tunnels around every 20m within the Office" set of requirements.
2.1.8 poor ventilation, smoke extraction facilities
Beijing all line the existing ventilation exhaust-114, in fire accident cases, can be a normal exhaust system to exhaust system, but the fan is qualified in normal temperature 80 ℃, and does not have a short time, the ability to quickly exhaust. In addition, the platform and the platform at the Office of the staircase is not set the vertical wall of smoke, fire, smoke, not dividing partitions.
Beijing Metro air kiosk serious occupy a certain sealing also pose hazards. First and second line total 95 surface wind kiosk, kiosk occupy some wind, some wind Pavilion was partly blocked, unable to guarantee effective operation under high temperature smoke, is bound to personnel evacuation and fire-fighting and rescue cause great difficulties.
2.1.9 evacuation capacity shortage
Beijing Subway original design, passenger volume 30 million, and now daily passenger volume has reached more than 200 million passengers, peak hour 2.4 million passengers, peak hour maximum bound volume up to number 4581, serious design capacity exceeded. Beijing MTR design there are 215 entrances, the vast majority of MTR Station Exit stairs and evacuation channel width, could not be reached "in the event of a fire, a train within 6min passengers and on the platform waiting passengers and crew evacuation is complete" capability, the rapid growth of the traffic had been underestimated. In particular, a line west of the station, there are only two export, in the event of fire, evacuation capacity obvious enough. Moreover some platform evacuation channel walking distance is long, seriously affecting evacuated.
2.2 equipment area security design unreasonable
Beijing Metro setting of the lounge, Office etc. larger non-workplace, and the design of safe evacuation in export volume and safety distance requirements cannot be met. Shanghai metro area in the device, without security export their staff evacuation issues become larger problems. Since the equipment room small and confusion, the use of various housing and fire very different nature, its internal management system of all kinds, many and complex, thus to fire safety design of great difficulties. To get the cases of Guangzhou metro, just one device management room area is equipped with large and small, ventilation, air conditioning duct system 11, at the same time there are numerous power cable tray, communication cable tray and a variety of large-diameter pipes. The system also features require frequent interlaced. In a limited space to these systems and rational layout down is rather difficult, how to make fire safety design is an issue of concern.
2.3 subway station design is difficult to grasp the smoke
Metro station is a very special buildings, whether they should divide the smoke partition, in which locations need to divide the smoke partitions, how to rely on organized flow control and adequate exhaust volume to meet the requirements of the exhaust gas is not reliable theory support.
3 on the MTR proposals on fire safety design
Our Metro exist above problems, consider the following areas for improvement.
3.1 subway car
(1) subway carriages should use non-flammable materials, and low smoke, non-toxic, resistant, easy to clean. In addition, the compartments are equipped with a standby power supply, in the event of a fire in a power failure, to guarantee the equivalent of lighting, at the same time, automatic sliding doors in the outage can be automatically opened, facilitate the evacuation of persons.
(2) inside the compartment to install telecommunications equipment, easily in case of fire, passengers and drivers for disaster communication; install broadcasting system, the ease of a fire, inform the passenger of the fire site and should be evacuated.
3.2 evacuation
(1) attached to the building of the subway stations of evacuation design, the total width of the export of security must be guaranteed in the event of fire, in mass 6min passengers and staff and business service architecture for customers and sales personnel evacuation is complete. In addition, like Beijing Xidan station second tier to the business service network, a three-storey underground Metro platform of the station, three-layer should be in the underground Metro platform offering direct access to the ground, the number of security export, should not be less than two, in order to facilitate the evacuation of persons.
(2) on the set of commercial and service facilities, to carry out strict audit, on the safe evacuation of demolition, to ensure that evacuation safety.
(3) subway station passenger flow frequent Hall, channel, and other parts of the body or more than fire partitions use area setting firewall or fire doors have difficulties, you can fire shutter instead of firewall or fire doors, fire shutter delay reduction should be a feature or setting the little door.
(4) at the station must have at least one entrance for barrier-free design for disabled persons and the maternal and child passengers. At design time can be possible depending on terrain, designed for ramps or slope small walkway or vertical lift, direct access to the platform. Barrier-free ramp width not less than 1.60m, slope not greater than 8%.
3.3 Metro exhaust
As soon as possible of the Metro of smoke control experiment and fire simulation, in theory, give out with fire ventilation mode, run make in the event of a fire can form a better airflow pattern, to create conditions of safety.
3.4 automatic alarm system
Subway tunnels must be able to detect more than twoEnvironmental parameters of detectors detection to prevent false positives, at the same time, the acquisition parameters to over time setting "pre-alarm/alarm" parameter value. Only when the controller software for the integrated treatment of various parameters, in order to make accurate alarm signal.
3.5 important equipment room
(1) for the control room, changing room, air conditioning, power distribution, and other important computer room equipment room to adopt effective measures to its isolation. It is necessary to consider the usual machine able to heat ventilation, also taking into account the absolute security fire space. Therefore, you can use these important engine room door or window to switch to a peacetime ventilation, fire off vents of fire doors and Windows.
(2) for some unnecessary underground temporary structure of production and living room can be properly removed. At the same time, further establishing fire safety management system, clear the responsibility at all levels of personnel in fire safety, fire extinguishing on universal access and evacuation of knowledge, enhance fire inspection, regular maintenance, supplemented with additional personal protective equipment, and rescue equipment.
(3) for the Metro maintenance materials and their coffers, should be separate, located in the ground.
3.6 setting security inspection system
For Metro platform security should install security system for export, especially the staff gathered the larger stations. Set the security check system, you can prevent some passengers to flammable, explosive goods brought into the station and the car, so as not to increase the fire hazard.
4 closing
Through analysis, for our Metro fire safety design, from the Division of fire prevention Division, the repair material not ranhua processing, fire alarm systems and automatic fire extinguishing system settings, smoke control equipment, evacuation signs and emergency lighting equipment, and other aspects of the control. At the same time, should correctly handle operational and safety, rational design and economic development. On this basis, the establishment of the science of fire prevention management system, enhanced subway firm firefighter safety quality and establishing a corresponding Metro fire, unified command, operational efficiency, a clear division of Metro fire rescue mechanisms; increase investment, enhanced equipment, fully ready for fire extinguishing and rescue work, do they happen.

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