【 Weak current College 】 supermarket fire evacuation discussion

With the rapid development of the market economy, the circulation of commodities has changed the traditional pattern, reducing the flow of intermediate links and tend to be large, market, the integration, all localities have been completed such as Carrefour, Wal-Mart, Lotus and some large supermarket, hypermarket, on to the consumer the great convenience, but also bring a big security risk. It is reported that on 1 August 2004 1l noon, located in Paraguay Asuncion, the capital of the northern suburb of a large supermarket in the event of a serious fire, the fire burned for nearly 3 hours after the fight. As a result of fires supermarket staff closed the supermarket of the various export until the police and firemen after open the doors, the fire in the supermarket within a large amount of toxic gas, plus the combustion temperature is high, in addition to the initial part of the rescue, fight fires after scarcely find survivors, fires caused more than 300 people were killed and more than 400 people were injured in the accident, the fire was the most disastrous loss of Paraguay's history of a disaster. June 9, 2006, is located in the United States Pennsylvania's famous landmark, once known as the new supermarket in bin-United States shopping city in a sudden fire were razed to the ground.
　　
The fire occurred at 3 o'clock in the afternoon, just 2 hours would devour an entire shopping mall. Fortunately, the fire did not result in casualties. But because the fire was the exception, a fire swept through a massive shopping mall are located throughout the region. In addition to the shopping city burned, around 200 m in the housing and automobile was burnt to ashes. The shopping mall business scope is extremely broad, 50000 square shopping area has a vast assortment of merchandise, the shopping city not only become an important landmark on the ground, in the United States is also famous.
　　
In recent years, the country also ensue shopping malls, markets large fire incidents, Tangshan linxi department store, Zhengzhou natural commercial, Nanchang Wanshou Temple Mall, Beijing store commercial building, Anshan general merchandise building, Shenyang commercial city, Jilin city 100 shopping center, building fire gave the people of life and property caused heavy losses. From here we can see that the large supermarket building fire prevention should not be overlooked, especially the Party proposed building a Socialist harmonious society strategy, people-oriented philosophy, that involve human life safety evacuation research is particularly important.
　　
2. characteristics of large supermarkets
　　
2.1 hypermarket of building features
　　
2.1.1 multiple layout in dense urban center staff
　　
Large supermarkets as an emerging commodity exchanges, assembly centres, markets, because of its shopping convenient, affordable, well received by the crowd favorite, mostly located in the Centre of the city, personnel are crowded, covers an area of large logistics frequently surrounding road traffic congestion, building density.
　　
2.1.2 architectural dimension of large, complex pattern
　　
Supermarkets are generally installed in the ground floor to floor and third floor, with independent and can be divided into two, each floor building with an area of 5000 sqm ~ 10000 m2, total building area is high as 20000 ~ 30000 square meters, there are still amount to more general development trend. Some supermarkets set high-bay warehouse and shopping centres, to meet the needs of the storage of goods, their architectural space and large, the internal structure of complex, often makes shopping, entertainment staff can't clear direction.
　　
2.1.3 shopping outlet and export focus setting, often have a large number of people staying
　　
Large supermarket for ease of management, General usually only set one entrance, through escalators reaching Mall entrance, entrance to the customer in the cart or basket into the marketplace; shopping is finished, set to the cashier area check out, through the turnstiles, escalators from the supermarket. Due to billing, sales peak often have a large number of people in the queue at the ticket gate.
　　
2.1.4 plane depth, racking, navigability, exports not obvious
　　
Architectural design in General in the supermarket of the surrounding setting staircases, the central place of the most disadvantaged to the most recent safety export of straight-line distance often exceeding 30 m, if the traffic between the shelves, the polyline is considerably more than the distance of 30 m. Large supermarket in steel shelves and multi-layered, the majority of supermarket shelves, all the large shelf width in 6-8 metres, length of 10 to 30 metres, a serious impediment to people's attention, who ranks in the shelf to demand commodity that is easy to get lost, it is difficult to confirm that the evacuation of the direction, more difficult to see the security for export.
　　
2.1.5 commodity reserves, fire load density high
　　
Large supermarket goods stocks in large, usually in 3 million to 6 million, for the operation of food, clothing, household products, home appliances, etc., most of the goods and their packaging are the chemical, plastics, leather, rubber, combustible, toxic substances, their burning speed, smoke quantity big, the combustion smoke toxicity. Some commodities are flammable and explosive hazardous materials, such as mousse, hair spray, pesticides and various freshener, fire risk is very large. According to statistics, large supermarket fire load density generally reaches 25kg/© o ~ 100kg/m2.
　　
2.1.6 electrical equipment, the large power load
　　
Due to the large supermarkets in depth effect larger, shelves and other reasons, during normal operation, full use of artificial lighting, the more normal lighting equipment. Operation of household appliances and lighting departments, in order to test needs, temporary power outlet. In addition, bakeries, food processing, with a wide range of electrical equipment for drying and heating. These electrical facilities in supermarkets in a top-down solid network, distribution line is quite complex.
　　
2.1.7 personnel density
　　
A large quantity of mobility, particularly in peak condition for shopping. According to the CommissionMeter, Chongqing "Metro" supermarket can accommodate 7000 customers shopping; Chengdu Carrefour? Guanghua shop, construction area of 15200 square meters, customers daily 18828; some major shopping malls usually people flow about 3 million people every day, holidays up to 6 million passengers, such as Wal-Mart and Sam's Club in Shenzhen, with an average traffic per day 3.2 million holidays usually ranging 6.5 million people, most high has over 8 million people.
　　
2.1.8 the relative concentration of selling venue customers
　　
The number of large supermarkets, with large commercial variety. According to statistics, 80% of customers are concentrated in the main staple food, vegetables and daily chemical products sales area; a small number of customers in the apparel, footwear and headwear district; very few customers in hardware, electrical household appliances.
　　
2.1.9 steel structure building fire performance difference
　　
Since the steel structure construction of short duration, column-span, renovation, many independent construction of supermarket using steel structure, but the poor performance of steel fire-resistant, high temperature easily collapse.
　　
2.2 large supermarket fire risk
　　
2.2.1 fire probability high
　　
Large supermarket complex functions, fire rate is high, there are several reasons: first, the power consumption. Electrical range large supermarket. On the domestic market, wires, cables, electrical equipment has a considerable part in the case of defective products. According to statistics, in recent years the number of electrical fires occurred in more than 30% of the total.
　　
Second, staff turnover, increased number of random factors of the fire. According to the survey, smokers throw cigarette butts were more direct cause of the fire.
　　
Third, space, fuel. Large supermarket multi-discipline, types of complex, large quantities, store-intensive.
　　
2.2.2 blaze, spread rapidly
　　
Paraguay 8.1 supermarket fire and United States-object based 6.9 supermarket fire can attest, large supermarket in the event of fire, burning fiercely, spread rapidly, 2-3 hours to a large number of commodities to ashes. First, because there are large amounts of fuel in the supermarket, compared with other establishments fire load large; the second is the supermarket goods shelves for displaying, good air permeability; third, the large, relatively low space height, fire spread easily. Large supermarket fire, when the temperature rose to more than 400 ° c, transient combustion by local becomes full. Research has shown that large supermarket fire more prone to "flashover" phenomenon, and the time to appear.
　　
2.2.3 evacuation difficult
　　
Large supermarket has become public places the highest density in the personnel, the flow of one of the greatest places. According to the survey, most supermarkets daily reception customer number 000 or more, operating at its peak stores in more than 3000 stranded, holidays, weekend hypermarket customers daily reception of up to tens of thousands of people and thousands of people; because the main intention is to highlight the business sells the field function, so the site layout of complex, shaped like a labyrinth, rack, easy to get lost; at present most supermarket evacuation signs are located in the ceiling, shelves, hanging of occlusion, normally shop personnel will not notice these identification; in addition, the majority of customers with blindness, directional, and physical qualities, lack of fire safety awareness and ability to protect themselves, in the event of fire, no quick evacuation.
　　
2.2.4 short time produces large amounts of toxic gases
　　
Large supermarket fuel, placed in the event of fire, burning fiercely, spread rapidly, while producing significant amounts of toxic gases, particularly in the chemical, plastics, leather etc. There are a great deal of polymer materials, and further increase the toxic gas produced by the type and quantity. Including: carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), sulphur dioxide (SO2), poisonous gas, ammonia (NH3), hydrogen fluoride (HF) irritant gas, carbon dioxide (CO2) and other asphyxiating gas, the gas is a serious threat to sell farm personnel safety, affecting the safe evacuation of internal staff.
　　
2.2.5 fire rescue difficulties
　　
In: first, the scene of large, blaze, a large number of staff needed to mobilize the scene and a large number of fire fighting equipment, fire extinguishing agent; the second is the fire temperature is high, the war in the melee attack power difficult, difficult rescue; third, the steel structure construction, stands are in danger of collapse; fourth, the surrounding building density, traffic congestion, the spread of fire, fighting hard to easily.
　　
3, the impact of factors evacuation
　　
Large supermarket fire evacuation, fire, evacuation time allowed, to inflict or imminent danger, the smoke and fire is not yet threaten their safety, through the corridors, staircases of the evacuation routes, accurately, and quickly evacuated to safety; is an involved building characteristics, fire development process and personnel conduct three basic factors of complex problems.
　　
3.1 building characteristics
　　
3.1.1 fire resistance of building elements
　　
Hypermarket of building components including building poles and beams, staircases, roof-bearing structure and the ceiling. Fire quickly burst into flames, roof ceiling collapse was caused by internal staff one of the main causes of injuries, but also a serious obstacle to the rapid evacuation of indoor workers, causing the evacuation of the building of panics, in addition, fire-resistant grade is indoor evacuation allows important time.
　　
3.1.2 large supermarket is located on the floors
　　
Set in the first floor of the large supermarkets to evacuate the most direct, safe export through outdoor, evacuation distances relatively short, easy to escape.Located in the ground floor of a large supermarket evacuation is the most difficult one is high temperature smoke spread direction consistent with the direction of evacuation, causing choking, poisoning possibilities; the second is fire rescue, large flue gas exports from the ground, the fire cannot be poured into the internal fire and rescue; (3) once the internal fully rely on the power, emergency lighting, no natural light.
　　
3.1.3 evacuation doors, passageways, staircases and evacuation safety exit door
　　
Evacuation door, evacuation aisle, staircases and security exports comprise staff evacuation plans, they are an important part of the building, and also the building fire safety design of main content, once formed the facts, it is difficult to reform.
　　
One is the evacuation of the doors, passageways, staircases evacuation and safety outlet width. Current fire technical specifications from each business area is multiplied by the area converted value and the number of conversion factor calculation to evacuate evacuation number multiplied by the number of evacuation per 100 people in the evacuation of the net width of supermarket building evacuation total width, as the basis for engineering design.
　　
From the construction units, hope to have more business area to improve operating efficiency, too much, too broad stairs for them is unacceptable; from design organizations and audit departments, you must do the countries corresponding fire protection specifications; case from a fire, evacuation is to ensure that key fire safety Emporium. For this reason, many researchers to study the performance-based approach, on the safe evacuation of commercial building evacuation conducted a survey, the number of Xian Zhang Shu-ping and Jing wrote the yajie comrades Mall evacuation study number of Xi'an Minsheng department store building personnel density were investigated, the number of large shopping centres evacuation conversion factor for the first and second tier 0.4 ~ 0.6/© o, three layers of 0.3 ~ 0.5/© o, up to and including four stories above 0.2 ~ 0.4/㎡ (calculated according to the business office building area). Qi Xiao Xia comrades wrote the evacuation of large shopping centres, research on Chengdu Carrefour Guanghua shop personnel density survey, it is recommended that the number of large supermarket evacuation conversion factor 0.25 ~ 0.35/m2. Nevertheless, in my view, unless there is a difficulty in performance-based design approach is not yet fully mature today, also in accordance with the national fire protection technology specifications for the design.
　　
Second, the evacuation of the doors, passageways, staircases evacuation and safety export forms. Evacuation doors, security should export the door opened, the evacuation of direction of the door, the door leaf shall not affect the evacuation of the width of the sidewalk and the platform; evacuation channel settings should be concise, avoid bending, ladder, threshold, and so on, to reduce the collision occurred when the people in the evacuation, squeeze and falls; staircases should strictly according to national specification set closed stair staircase or smoke to evacuate personnel arrived at the stairs or former room may be regarded as safe for evacuation staircases, rest platform and floor slab structure should be as non-burning material, and other parts of the buildings should have the appropriate separator.
　　
3.1.4 evacuation signs, emergency lighting
　　
Evacuation signs for shortening time of evacuation operations, with significant domestic and international practice shows that most people under fire is relying on evacuation signage to escape. Therefore, the supermarket business in the evacuation of the channel and security exports to set visible signs, in order to provide effective under fire conditions. Evacuation signs set to comply with the national fire protection technology specifications, large supermarket security exports should use 600 × 800MM large security exit signs. Good emergency lighting system, you can reduce the fire on the psychological result of panic, will also contribute to the rapid evacuation of persons.
　　
3.1.5 building fire facilities
　　
① automatic fire alarm system, due to the large supermarket shelves depth of large, flat affect sight and other reasons, the fire itself and not to all persons in the timely provision of information, setting fire to fire alarm system can be quickly discovered fire, shorten the evacuation time to prepare. Research shows that different alarm modes, personnel on fire response time is different and live broadcast, recording, broadcasting and the alarm alert three ways in which people live broadcast of the shortest response time, response to alarm alerts the longest.
　　
② automatic sprinkler system is to fight fire, cool down at the beginning, the fire spread and smoke and restrictions. Domestic and international practice shows that the system of building fire death toll can be reduced by 1/3 to 2/3, fire extinguishing success rate greater than 96%. In addition, automatic sprinkler systems can fully protect evacuation facilities, is the primary means of fire protection is also the important evacuation.
　　
③ smoke control systems can limit the spread of the fire smoke, protect evacuation channels for evacuation personnel safety in use, it is fire fighting AIDS and evacuation of effective measures. In performance-based fire protection design methods, the smoke layer drop height as a measure of the evacuation of a key indicator, it is generally believed that when the smoke layer height down to 1.2 ~ 1.8 m, fire hazards that reached a critical state. Tests showed that the smoke exhaust mouth form smoke early turbulent, fire, fire point remote smoke will accelerate the spread of fire, evacuation.
　　
3.2 fire characteristics
　　
3.2.1 flue gas hazards
　　
According to statistics, domestic building fire in more than 80% of the deaths were due to the effects of smoke, fire and smoke damage primarily oxygen, toxic, light resistance, irritation and terror, etc. ① poisonous, HCN, CO, SO2 in the flue gas is mainly toxic components. ② hypoxia, combustion is an oxidation reaction, when building occurred a long time after the fire burning, greatly reducing the oxygen content. Data indicate that, when oxygen is reduced to 10% when you pose a threat to the officer. ③ the shading of smoke, fire and smoke particles have a certain shade ofWill greatly reduce the building's visibility, seriously affect the evacuation and fire-fighting operations. ④ terrorist, there is a fire, especially when the smoke flashover, so that people have of psychological terror, some loss of ability, causing the evacuation of confusion; some even lose control, resulting in unnecessary loss of life. ⑤ irritation, the flue gas of NH3, HF and SO2 gas has a strong irritant to the eyes, the eyes do not affect the evacuation speed, extended escape time.
　　
3.2.2 temperatures
　　
Produce a lot of heat is one of the important characteristics of fire, according to the human body to thermal radiation tolerance test research data, the human body to thermal radiation tolerance limit is 2.5kW/m2, the temperature generally at 180 degrees centigrade-200 degrees centigrade. Now in the fire risk assessment recommended data: short time face exposure of safety temperature limits range from 65 to 100 ° c, and fire entering the development stage, indoor temperature will rise to more than 800 ° c, in internal is unbearable.
　　
3.3 staff characteristics
　　
Typically, people in the scene of the fire can be divided into two categories, one category is super staff, including the service personnel, maintenance workers, security officers and other management personnel, their familiar environment, on the market of escape routes and fire facilities well; the second category is the customer that they are not cooked in the supermarket, the majority of the lack of fire safety awareness, without external help escape is not strong.
　　
3.3.1 staff behavior
　　
In a large number of large supermarkets, features vary; in the event of fire must produce chaos, panic, and eager to escape. Staff are familiar with the building environment, should bear the task of organizing the evacuation. However, if staff lack adequate fire safety education and training, cannot be properly guided customer evacuation, often resulting in the evacuation time delay. Many fire cases indicate, the fire workers organized evacuation, stubborn fighting-type, blind optimism, prevent evacuation, escape from the job type.
　　
① organize evacuation-, namely fire, actively guide the customer evacuation, even tighter, who sacrificed their lives.
　　
② stubborn fighting-type. This is the maximum number of staff, not timely alerts and organize evacuation, just a few people to fire fighting, rescue material, resulting in a delay in the valuable time of evacuation, causing great damage and casualties. This class is the psychological one, and hope that luck will depend on the individual's power to fight the fire; the second is afraid to pursue their own responsibility.
　　
③ blind optimism type. Advance know there is a fire, does not see smoke and the fire did not attach great importance to that without a major disaster, and consequently delayed the evacuation time.
　　
④ prevent evacuation type. Some staff do not receive good fire safety education and fire had not received the superior instruction, fear of responsibility, in order to prevent the consumption of "white" managed to slip away, "troubled waters", deliberately not let customers know that fire or blocking the final evacuation, with serious consequences.
　　
⑤ arbitrarily flee-type. To the road in case of fire, evacuation, inconsiderate alone, afraid of ", and so on fire burned themselves."
　　
3.3.2 customer behavior
　　
At the scene of people, it is easy to produce is not inhibited by the fear that when people see the smoke, heat, fire was killing their familiar environment, will produce a feeling of doubt, especially those who are poor psychological adjustment and fire safety knowledge who know nothing about. Panic, fear can lead to loss of sanity, confused, at the same time, as in the scene of people have a common goal, so escape prone to bunching, produce "bandwagon" phenomenon. Bunching on fire evacuation favourable areas: groups of people for a common goal, we work together to escape to, encourage, and easily create escape; a negative aspect is the "stream", regardless of the lack of thought on individual behavior, slow, easily disperse stagnation, overcrowding, Stampede, extrusion, causing large numbers of casualties. Customers from its behavior on basic can be divided into the following.
　　
① becoming mature behavior. More cooked is psychological trends tend to choose their own familiar roads, environment, and to seek their own survival. This is a fire evacuation behavior patterns in common, because the building floor is not familiar to the customer, in the event of an accident, he was eager to go along the path originally came in, this is the return of danger for the daily habits of behavior. When their usual familiar Road blocked, they don't know what to do, appear to be alarmed.
　　
② to land. People on Earth have a life of dependence, fire in the first sense is trying to escape to the outside surface.
　　
③ running light running their behavior. Fire in the sight of the light, and think that is the exit will be desperate to run past. This is an emergency, people are afraid of darkness, that bright Office security and run to outside the open space in order to secure behavior patterns.
　　
④ Backoff behavior. In some of the fires, some people can't stand the excitement of the smoke, not afraid for their lives, they hid flue gas concentrations temporarily lower corner.
　　
⑤ along the wall. When people are affected by smoke and fire siege, visibility significantly decrease mainly rely on tactile seek escape routes.
　　
⑥ herd behavior. When life suddenly in danger, owing to the fear to lose fine judgment, blindly follow others escape.
　　
⑦ delay return behavior. In the fire, because returns to rescue family pack valuables and slow evacuation, thereby escaping the opportunity.
　　
⑧ left turning characteristics. That is, people inadvertently used to turn left (counterclockwise).
　　
3.3.3 personnel density influence on evacuation speed
　　
According to the measured statistics, traffic level flow velocity has the following characteristics and value. When the evacuation channels in occupies an area of 2 m2 per capita, the flow of migration is a free flow state, the appropriate migration flow in horizontal speed to 1.27m/s. When the evacuation channels in occupies an area of 0.5 m2 per capita, the flow of migration begins rendering residence status, the appropriate migration flow in horizontal speed to 0.73m/s. When the evacuation channels capita area 0.28 m2 below possible hazards. When the evacuation channels capita area declined to 0.25 m2, before and after contact with body start population in emergency situations lead to overturn, extrusion, casualty accident. Therefore the capita area 0.28 m2 as evacuation channels important basis for the design.
　　
4. to ensure large supermarket fire evacuation measures
　　
4.1 in strict accordance with the national fire technical specifications require large supermarket fire design. From the building layout, fire resistance ratings, fire smoke partition, evacuation facilities, fire-fighting and fire power and many other aspects, must strictly comply with the specifications, the fire fire agencies before acceptance.
　　
4.2 take full account of the evacuation. In accordance with the customers more maturity, import and export in the supermarket, in particular imports escalator or elevator evacuation staircases at the settings to ensure that internal personnel the same way back to the entrance to facilitate finding safe when exported. According to the habits of people left turning, in engineering design time staircase in rest platform or per floor corner designed to turn left.
　　
4.3 take full account of the evacuation area. First, consider the supermarket when most adults flow capita evacuation channel area, preventing the capita evacuation area is too small, resulting in the evacuation of stranded; the second is to prevent the dispersal of the channel's "bottlenecks", part of the phenomenon of supermarket channel, stairs area, width and length are in line with the evacuation requirements, but in the evacuation of the exit doors and security, resulting in partial narrower evacuation local congestion, extend the evacuation time; third, the operators in the placing of goods to the shelf to the customer adequate evacuation channels to ensure that customers in the marketplace and smooth on the inside of the evacuation; fourth, it is strictly forbidden to blocked exits, locking security export phenomenon, to promote the use of push latch door and door-external control systems, access control system operation button must be set in a safe exit easy location, and set the clear signs, power failure, the door should automatically open.
　　
4.4 security export to decentralized. Secure export subject to evacuate the width of the layout you want to consider evenly, so that staff can be bidirectional or to evacuate; at the same time, the design-time to consider the safety of Chinese exports to the building design fire protection standard for theatres, cinemas and the Hall Auditorium of evacuation door number, require each evacuation door number average evacuation should not exceed 250 people, not on the market, market, supermarket as personnel-intensive sites also should consider each exit number of evacuation, because a single export people flow too large will extend the evacuation time within, but also may cause stranded at the exit.
　　
4.5 reasonable settings exhaust facilities. One is to promote the use of skylights fusible exhaust or high-side window, the domestic many large-scale steel structure building fire proof, reasonable set of fusible exhaust window, fire did not result in building collapse, smoke extraction facilities for evacuation and fire suppression provide strong assurance; second, the smoke of the settings you want to avoid safety and evacuation channels, prevent fires caused by tobacco smoke "," with people; third, it is reasonable to open the corresponding area of smoke, the smoke and fire alarm system chain, in the event of fire, and immediately opened fire zone to prevent exhaust port the fire due to distal exhaust mouth open to accelerate the spread of fire.
　　
4.6 attaches great importance to the role of supermarket outside Windows. Practice has shown that Windows is a fire-fighting and rescue of important parts, but also officers escape "second channel", many people in the fire is rescued by Windows. Therefore, in addition to the underground building, large supermarket must set out the window, and no set of fixed network security.
　　
4.7 fully understand the role of evacuation signage. Chen hung, Yoon Wenjie, Wang Hua, Yasuhiko fine comrades of the large warehouse composed supermarket evacuation factors, to the supermarket in the questionnaire, the results of: when a customer enters into the supermarket, the only officer 10.1% will pay attention to the supermarket in fire-fighting and evacuation channels. clear-cut Therefore, the majority of people only in the case of a disaster, we consider safety evacuation, if no obvious signs of evacuation, staff will be at a loss. An operator to strengthen checks prevent shelf, advertisement blocking hanging lights evacuation signs; the second is in selling venue within the main channel and racking, set on channel ground can maintain Visual continuous self-luminous signs with evacuation, evacuation signs indicate that should point to the nearest safe export, signs should not be greater than the spacing; third 1.5m Mall entrance obvious location, set the supermarket to sell large floor plans that indicate the location of safety and evacuation channel location, the voice and animation showing more attention.
　　
4.8 leverage fire evacuation Radio Guide. Experiments have proven that it is the fastest response to broadcasting, the large supermarkets to make full use of the broadcast publishing fire information, guide the customer evacuation. First, the partition radio, at the opening of the second paragraph of the above, a number of regional broadcasting organizations formed the second evacuation, more passenger multi-stage evacuation; second, the broadcast information should use the popular language, the speed should be slowed, all important indicates repeat twice more. Release emergency notification, it is recommended that you use female voices; and to give directions to use trained male voice.
　　
4.9 reasonably determined individual safety and evacuation channel width。 According to the relevant data, the traffic flow per share is 0.55m, staircases, channel width in the design-time whenever possible to make multiples of 0.55m NET width 1.1m, 1.65m, etc., or else be 2.2m "wasted" evacuation width.
　　
4.10 supermarket cashier area near should be set when you export, fire safety, gates should ensure that all opening. At the same time, the cashier area as people gather regional, should set the evacuation channels on both sides, the width should not be less than 3m.
　　
4.11 reasonable commodities layout, control of personnel in each region. According to the survey, customers are mainly concentrated in the main staple food, vegetables and daily chemical products sales area. Therefore, it is recommended that the main staple food, vegetables and daily chemical products sales district dispersed around the Mall, close to the exit while shopping headcounts appliances, hardware zone located in the center of the Mall, so you can shorten the evacuation time, reduce the evacuation stranded.
　　
4.12 hypermarket in food processing should rely on the exterior wall decoration. Such establishments using fire power consumption, easy to cause a fire, it should be located on a dedicated machine in a room with a fire resistance rating of not less than 2 hours of wall and floor and 1.5 hours other parts separated by a ' class doors, fire doors.
　　
4.13 enhance fire management, develop evacuation plans, conducting exercises on a regular basis. An operator must establish a people-oriented, life-oriented business philosophy, to believe that all customers will not be "troubled waters"; the second is to educate all staff, fire evacuation customers is their first priority, the stubborn fighting-type, blind optimism, prevent evacuation, escape from the status of staff, all converted to organize evacuation of employees; the third is establishing emergency evacuation plans, evacuation, clear induced evacuation duties of each position, carry out common sense, fire extinguishing burning and escape self-help literacy so that each staff member familiar with stores in evacuation route and induction method, ensure that each worker can become fire customer evacuation of facilitators, in their guided customers can reach the nearby and quickly; four security zones is the fire control centre personnel must be employed in 24 hours, once discovered fire, whether in the circumstances, have to promptly notify internal evacuation; five are regularly organized staff emergency evacuation drills, they might encounter, and not at risk.