【 Weak current College 】 fire education training materials (3)---Power By 【 China power house network 】

2. fire precautions
1. explosives fire protection measures
Explosive warehouse must select in the outback open area, the Treasury should be a one-story building, the cartridge should cool, away from fire, heat, temperature, humidity, to strengthen the control and regulation; piling up various explosives, demanded strong, safe, tidy, prevent down pile, easy handling, stacking height, width, length, stack and stack space. Wall distance. Column spacing, leading, etc. need to be carefully considered; explosives storage and transport to zhuanku storage, custody, shuttle transport, strengthening warehouse check, the implementation of the "five dual management system"; loading, unloading and handling of explosives, must be unloaded, is strictly prohibited without light fell, roll, upset, as well as drag, pull, friction. Impact in case of explosion; transport is subject to the approval of the public security organs, with potential for shipment may be effected, when packing, loading height, speed, and so have to comply with the standards, the railway transport ban skating.
2. compressed gas and liquefied gas fire prevention measures:
Warehouse should cool ventilation, lighting should be used in explosion-proof lights; gas cylinders into acceptance to pay attention to packaging form, annex. Closed, the gas cylinder should be neat and tidy-up placement; contents properties competing gas bottles should be stored when loading and unloading fenku; must be kept light handling, is strictly prohibited.
Throws, sliding slope or scroll; storage and transportation of cylinders valve should tighten, not leak, the transport must wear a helmet on a cylinder; usually in storage and transportation of cylinders when you check the cylinder on the paint colors and logo. Helmets and other compliance.
3. fire protection measures for flammable liquids:
Flammable liquids should be stored in cool and ventilated warehouse, warehouse designed storage, General and other hazardous chemicals mixing; loading, unloading and handling, to handle with care, no scrolling. Friction, dragging, the prohibition of the use of iron tools and wear shoes with Iron nails; generally not and other chemical dangerous mix, hot weather it is best to transport into and out of the library and sooner or later, in transport, to pump filling has a good grounding system, prevent electrostatic accumulation; shipping, loading location, transport equipment should be away from heat, fire and other parts of the unloading operation, and must correctly, paying attention to prevent poisoning.
4. flammable solids fire protection measures:
Cartridge in the cool, ask away from fire. Sources of heat, must not be mixed with other chemicals; carrying on with light discharge, prevention of drag, pull, fall, crash, keep packaging intact, containing water or alcohol as a stabilizer of nitrocellulose, etc should regularly check the packing is intact, and found that damage to timely repair; in stores, on different varieties of accidents should be treated differently, such as smoke, red phosphorus found using yellow sand, in powder, fight, tray sulphur smoke, you should promptly water fight, mg. Aluminum, metal powder, used only for sand, dry powder fire extinguishing; shipping, loading location away from the crew room, engine room. Power supplies, fire. Heat and fire ventilation tube should be the star of the device.
5. Article, in case of spontaneous combustion of flammable wet fire protection measures:
(1) fire prevention of spontaneous items should be stored at shady, cool, ventilated, dry, away from fire, heat, to prevent direct sunlight, zhuanku storage, is strictly prohibited and other mixed mixed storage of hazardous chemicals, should be considered in conjunction with the different characteristics of spontaneous items and seasonal climate, regular checks of the library and there are no different-shaped buttresses and the smell, packaging is no leakage and breakage, transport should according to the nature of the various species, marine mount differently, loading location, transport equipment, heat away from the cabin. Fire, power, etc.
(2) in case of wet flammable fire protection measures
No dew big storage, warehouse asked must be dry, prevent water leakage or rain and snow immersed; Treasury must keep away from fire, heat, away from acid, nitric acid, such as dissemination; packaging must be tight, not damaged, potassium, sodium, etc. and lively metal shall be immersed in a kerosene, carbide barrel saved in the library, to check whether the container is not intact, the charge should gas nitrogen metal pail, discovery fever or even higher temperature should be no gas; and other types of hazardous chemicals, in particular the acid, antioxidant, water supplies.
Deliquescence mix mixed natural materials, should be kept light handling, transport van. Ship must be dry and good rain facilities; such articles when the fire is strictly forbidden to use water-base, foam extinguishing agent; lively metal fire also shall not use carbon dioxide fire extinguishing.
6. oxidizing substances and organic peroxides fire prevention reservoir:
Keeping coffers to clean, cool, ventilated. Dry, not leaking, and should prevent acid fog invade; away from fire, heat, prevent sunlight exposure, and lighting equipment to explosion-proof; variety of antioxidants on the basis of their properties, select the appropriate classification and categorization for warehouse storage, transport and acid is strictly prohibited. Combustibles, organic matter, reducing agents. Spontaneous items, wet flammable mixture formation; library is to check the name, quantity of antioxidants. Packaging is intact. Seal; storage and transportation, handling and transportation should handle with care, individual shipment; warehouse and transport vehicle loading and unloading, should be thoroughly cleaned. Cleaning.
7. the toxicity of fire prevention measures
Toxic products should be stored in the storehouses, strictly according to the "dual system", away from open flames. The heat source, is strictly prohibited and the food or food additives, and other kinds of goods transported mixed mixed storage; handling hazardous goods handling should be kept light, the prohibition of the shoulder, carry closed contact is strictly forbidden, the removal process, is strictly prohibited. After smoking, should take a bath and change clothes; storage and transport of hazardous goods, you should first check the package container is complete.
Seal, shipping, loading location away from the machinery space, power, fire and other parts of the ship's side when discharge should be linked to a safety net and canvas, prevent the shipment of goods fell into the water, too toxic products of travel must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected; according to the toxic nature of the different fire method, such as sodium cyanide, potassium cyanide, you must not use a fire-base, foam. Carbon dioxide fire extinguishing agent.
8. fire prevention of radioactive goods
Radioactive materials in storage and transportation should be used. Inner secondary packaging and the outer packaging and the outer layer of the secondary packaging four; storage warehouse packaging should be dry, well ventilated, flat, cordon, shielding, away from other dangerous articles or goods, persons, traffic arteries; hold a radioactive substances, should be assigned in the health sector professionals, supervised, and conducted a thorough cleaning, the operator must get personalProtection, proper operation; transport according to the radiation dose rate decided to transport, the transport packaging of the former to check for damage and, if necessary, may be represented by hand to ensure that the installation is complete, the vehicle should be thoroughly cleaned.
9. corrosion products and fire protection measures
Corrosion products on the basis of their different natures, zhuanku storage, storage containers must be different corrosive fair use, as long as the container fit, sulfuric acid. Nitric acid. Hydrochloric acid and caustic soda, soda can be stored in general cargo sheds, industrial tanzhuang sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid can open storage, but required to prevent rain penetration; storage and transportation should pay particular attention to preventing acid and cyanide, H blowing agent, wet inflammable substances. Mixed oxidants, etc.; mixed freight storage and handling, operating personnel should wear protective equipment and job handle with care, the prohibition of the shoulder, backpack, tumbling, collision, drag, and equipped with first-aid supplies and medicine, such as water, soda water and dilute acid water, etc.
The fifth Festival, power distribution unit of fire protection
When the power supply to users, in order to reduce transportation energy loss, the first issue of voltage rise of generator, then uses the voltage transmission line to the transformer, distribution, reduced to the user the required voltage, so that users can use.
Transformers, power distribution unit is the transformation of voltage and electrical energy distribution installations, it consists of a transformer. Power distribution equipment, control equipment and other auxiliary facilities, etc. Commonly used transformer is the oil-immersed power transformers, dry-type transformer also gradually use. Power distribution unit generally installed in the transformer, distribution, oil circuit breakers is the main part of the control device.
An oil-immersed power transformer

1. fire risk
(1) transformer internal insulation liner and support, most of the wood, cardboard, cotton yarn, fabric and other organic combustible substances that have a large number of insulating oil wells. Transformer oil under high temperature or arc, fever and easy decomposition, precipitated some flammable gases, in the role of arc or spark extremely explosive and incendiary power outages throughout the region, affecting normal production, life, and resulting in significant losses.
(2) due to the coil insulation ageing, oil or oil quantity is too small. Core insulation ageing. Repair accidentally rupture of dampness, insulation, etc. caused transformer failure protection system failure, leading to transformer burnout.
(3) due to the bolt, welding is not strong, tap switch contact damage caused by bad, will produce localized high temperature or arc and cause a fire.
(4) because the coil layer short, coil turn to turn short-circuit between phases, coils and close to the tank part of insulation breakdown, cause a fire or explosion.
(5) the current transformers are introduced by overhead lines, easy to be generated from 1 lightning over-voltage, breakdown transformer insulation and fire.
(6) of the magnetic circuit "' core fire." As a result of damage to the insulation between the silicon steel or iron bolt clamp casing makes the transformer iron loss increase rapidly warming but 1 "damages insulation fire.
(7) transformer insulation pipe as the casing on crack, its surface area have oil decomposition of waste and water, acid and carbon particles, or, in case of excess voltage bushings and fuel tank cap room flashover occurs, arcing and cause a fire.
(8) transformer oil spills, oil penetration, oil changes, it can cause dielectric strength reduction, produce a lot of heat and cause a fire.
2. fire precautions
(1) the quality of the transformer must meet the technical requirements of manufacturers, pre-installation for insulation test and carefully review each part of the transformer is intact, look, the known good before installation.
(2) transformers should fuse or relay protection equipment, its size should be equal to the maximum security to protect current transformer in short circuit and overload sometimes does not cause the fire line. Melt should be guaranteed the leads loop occurs when a short or overload may fuse.
(3) various capacity of transformer thermometer should be installed and ensure that their sensitive and easy to use, to gauge the temperature of the transformer, the temperature rise shall not exceed 60.C.
(4) more than 100 kW shall be equipped with oil transformers pillows and glass oil level indicator, and the oil level indicator should be engraved with the equivalent of a 20 ' oil ° C, 10 15C, + 35 ' c, and so the oil surface temperature of sight, often to monitor the oil level not lower than the temperature of sight, and check the transformer oil penetration oil leakage, pay attention to check the fuel tank and casing are intact.
(5) the transformer should be well ventilated, and keep the surrounding temperature not exceeding 35 ° c. Transformer capacity should be adapted to needs, which prohibited overload transports.
(6) more than 1000 kW transformer should be installed to reduce the exhaust fuse in the transformer, preventing the tank explosion or burst.
(7) transformer shell with equipment grounding grid connection, making it reliable grounding, the inlet should arresters, thunderstorm season should be checked carefully to prevent lightning fires.
(8) an outdoor installation of transformer, conditional should set up specialized storage pool. Once the fire, the oil into the pit to avoid oil outflow to prevent explosions and proliferation.
(9) indoor transformer should be set and the transformer heat vents, and set the accident of the oil drain pit facilities and oil gathering. The distance between adjacent transformer is less than 5 meters, explosion-proof partition be isolated to prevent the spread of fire.
(10) after the transformer correctly according to the statutes, regular maintenance. If transformers seriously overloaded and should be replaced or enable standby transformers to relax.
Second oil circuit breakers

1. fire risk
(1) oil circuit breaker contacts to the surface of the reservoir is too low, tank oil level too high, the oil dielectric strength deterioration, operation, structural adjustment and interrupting capacity small, can affect the normal operation of power systems and fire.
(2) oil circuit breakers and out of the line through the insulation sleeving, when insulating Sleeving with tank, the tank cover and oil tank sealing is not strict, dampness, fuel tank or tank unclean, insulating Sleeving with mechanical damage can lead to short circuit causing explosions or fires.
2. fire precautions
(1) circuit breaker before installation should be strictly checked. Circuit breakers interrupting capacity should be greater than loadingSet the breakers circuit capacity. Maintenance operation test should be conducted to ensure mechanical flexible, reliable, and adjust the same three-phase actions.
(2) circuit breaker and the electrical circuit of the connection to close and available on the temperature of wax tablets observation of temperature. Contact damage should be reversed. Maintenance finished insulation test should be carried out by the specialist is responsible for the inventory tool to prevent tools fall into the tank caused a short circuit in the event of an accident.
(3) oil circuit breakers into operation before, you should also check your insulation Sleeving and tank lid sealing performance, avoid dampness, causing the tank breaker explosion combustion.
(4) oil circuit breakers runtime should regularly check the oil surface height, the oil level must strictly control in oil level indicator. Discovery of oil spills, oozing or abnormal sound, you should immediately reduce load or power outage maintenance, is strictly prohibited to force transmission.
The third variable, power distribution
1. fire risk
Transformer, distribution of some device contains a lot of flammable, explosive liquid. Gas, or contain strong corrosive liquids, high temperature and the arc function, can cause burning, explosion and other accidents.
2. fire precautions
(1) high and low pressure electrical power distribution unit
High and low pressure electrical power distribution unit should be fire-resistant grade I and II. Low-voltage distribution, fire resistance ratings should not be below level 3, a concrete floor. Length is greater than 7 meters of high-voltage power distribution, and length is greater than 10 m low-voltage power distribution unit with at least two doors, and shall open outwards. Between adjacent distribution Chamber should not in General, such as gate door must be located, you should be able to open in both directions. Distribution, you can open the window, but you should take certain precautions, such as the set grid is not greater than 20 mm of barbed wire and x20 mm rain awning against rain and snow intrusion and small animals. High and low voltage distribution equipment such as a layout in the same room, the device asks for the distance shall be not less than 1 m.
(2) transformer room
Oil-immersed power transformer room should be fire-resistant grade level, building on the steel and cement are not easy to come by, you can use an independent three-level architecture of refractory grade. Capacity of 100 kW or more oil-immersed power transformer should be installed in separate transformers indoor. Indoor should have good natural ventilation and indoor temperature should not exceed 45 ° c. If the room temperature is too high, you can use mechanical ventilation. Ventilation equipment should be set grid is not greater than 10 mm x10 mm wire mesh and rain. Snow intrusive measures.
Oil-immersed power transformer room, should not be located in the Interior, staff gathered or the hospital ward of above and below, or to both sides of the main exit. In the absence of special fire safety requirements of other civil architecture of the first layer you can set the oil-immersed power transformer room, but should not be set in place often stagnant water and toilets and bathrooms. At this point, a transformer room can only be set one-park immersed power transformers, and its capacity does not exceed 400 kW, also due to open door.
(3) capacitor room
High pressure oil-immersed power capacitor rooms should be not less than the second-resistive rating of the building, room should have good natural ventilation. If natural ventilation does not guarantee that the room temperature should be below 45C separate ventilation device, and take the rain, snow and small animals. High voltage capacitors should be set separately. 1000 Volt low voltage capacitor below can be set in the high and low voltage distribution indoors.
Capacitors are not more than three layers of hierarchy, the lower surface on the bottom margin should not be less than 100 mm, capacitor shell adjacent width between at least 50 mm width of the pitch, the channel should not be less than 1 m. Capacitor charging pile head off the ground should be added below the 2.2 m when appropriate shielded facilities.
Capacitors should be separate switch control, automatic discharge device and grounding device. Each capacitor should also be separate fuse to protect it.
Capacitor inputs at run time, the indoor temperature should not exceed 45C, capacitor surface temperature not exceeding 55C and Interior, equipment surfaces and stand cleaning, should always check the capacitor run, identify problems, timely processing and maintenance, repair, testing should be insulated.
(4) acid battery room
Energy storage in his group should be installed in non-combustible material within the building's private room, with a certain degree of explosion pressure relief area, its Windows and doors, walls. Floor, ceiling should have ACID properties. Interior of natural ventilation conditions should be kept well and use of axial-flow ventilation equipment should be set up independently, the ventilation pipe is noncombustible material should be used.
Indoor electrical equipment should be consistent with explosion-proof requirements, prevention of explosion caused by hydrogen on; through wall wires should be installed at the through-wall porcelain, holes you must use acidproof fireproofing material block. Rooms must be kept clean and not storing any fuel.
Sour room should be set, SA reserves limited to day work.
(5) the variable, power distribution
Interior and exterior electrical installations should have good lightning protection facilities and protection earthing or protect zero equipment, electrical equipment must be kept clean to prevent oil pollution caused by short circuit electrically conductive dust.
The sixth section of the building fire safety
(1) building structure
① steel structure
Steel structure is the use of steel, processed by rivet welding of beams, slabs, columns. With a large steel or steel plate attached to the work of beams and columns or Groove wipe, called entity structure. With a smaller section, such as angle, round steel. Flat steel connection becomes known as the grate beams and columns (or beams, style). The steel frame is made of angle steel stitching. Civil architecture with triangles, industrial buildings with the Pentagon. Plane truss span, generally up to 37 meters.
② reinforced concrete structure
At the construction site during a system of the integrity of the reinforced concrete structure, used for Foundation, inconvenience specifications of production of the Widget, slip of the building (construction) construction and underground structures, etc.; made of precast factory prefabricated parts, to assemble fabricated, assembled structure to meet the needs of high-speed construction. Prestressed reinforced concrete, is a new structure. It's full potential, reducing structural steel weight. A good way to save steel. Civil construction common basis, brick masonry do do load-bearing walls, slabs of reinforced concrete to do. The roof, it is customary to put such a structure called a hybrid structure. When building layers more load is large, often producedUsed by reinforced concrete beams. Plate. -Composition of the frame structure. The load-bearing structures for industrial buildings, brick, brick and concrete masonry and steel structure of three, multiplayer powerhouse for frame structure.
(2) the nature of combustion
② steel structure while combustible material, but in case of fire and then destroyed. 540 ° C is reached, the strength of the loss of up to 50 per cent, and then continue to heat up, they quickly soften, lost load capacity, inevitably distorted collapse and destruction of the steel structure is beyond repair, reuse.
③ brick masonry heating, usually of granite from internal quartz, feldspar and Mica different thermal deformation and fragmentation; domestic silicate blocks the thermal decomposition and loose.
④ prestressed reinforced concrete structure heating, lose pretensioned, reducing structure carrying capacity. Prestressed reinforced concrete structure in fire on performance than reinforced concrete structure, it is necessary to thicken the thickness of the reinforced protection.
⑤ high temperature mechanical properties of materials, strength as the temperature rises.
⑥ building internal explosion of shock and vibration, or destroyed buildings.
⑦ Since the collapse of superstructure falls to the floor, the floor for a large number of overload and collapse.
⑧ fire extinguishing water fall in the high temperature of brick, concrete or reinforced concrete surfaces, due to the sudden cooling result structure surface shrinkage cracking, destroyed reinforced concrete structure layer of protection, so that the fire burned directly to the main pull strength of reinforced, resulting in the loss of the entire structure.
(3) structural failure of the general law of
① frame roofs, the collapse of small, local damage. Steel roof, local fire burned down, the rest are from the wall is pulled to the surface.
② ceiling, roof, wooden floor. Hollow wall, mud wall, combustible construction, etc, are all easy to collapse.
③ Adobe walls are fire-resistant and flame-retardant, shock due to strong currents and damaged.
④ collapse sequence, usually after the first ceiling, roof, and finally the walls.
⑤ General housing wall is to pour in.