【 Weak current College 】 a drama school fire safety regulations

Institute for the maintenance of normal teaching, scientific research, production, order, to protect the personal safety of staff and the State, collective and personal property damage, fire prevention, fire prevention law under the People's Republic of China, the Beijing city FSO and the Beijing municipal fire safety responsibilities of the provisional regulations on, combined with our actual situation, especially formulates this requirement.

Chapter 1 General provisions

The first fire-fighting work and implementation of the "prevention, anti-binding", insist on the principle of fire-fighting work socialization. Prevention and extinguishing fires is the common responsibility of society as a whole, each sector and individuals must strictly comply with fire regulations and the regulations, be conscientious and fire prevention.

The second College fire work implemented progressive management, responsibility to the people and "whoever is in charge, who is responsible for" the principles of accountability at every level. The fire prevention into teaching, scientific research, production and administrative work, to achieve the "same plan, check up, with the summary, and comparison" regularize, fire prevention system.

Third Faculty of fire safety by the leaders responsible for. Competent security leaders responsible for college fire prevention, specifically responsible for our college fire safety responsibilities for implementation. College fire safety Committee is college fire prevention leadership bodies, namely: (safety committees) consists of fire prevention Office, the Office is located in the Security Department (specifically responsible for the daily fire safety management Institute). Each Department, Office, room, Hall, the Ministry, both houses, set fire work leading group, and to identify a leader responsible for fire prevention. Each Department, Office, room, Hall, the Ministry, both houses, set one or more fire safety. College of obligations by the Security Department school fire guard and logistical services obligations fire unit.

Article IV of the fire organizations at all levels: conscientiously implement the fire Statute, to strengthen their staff of fire safety education, improving teachers ' awareness of fire safety and comply with fire regulations. Strengthen internal management, conduct regular fire safety inspections and timely identification and elimination of fire risks, eliminate illegal conduct electricity with fire, preventing fire accidents.

Article 5 the following parts of the Institute as the fire key parts: the personnel registry, Finance Department, a library, classrooms, a rehearsal room, Studio, Studio, room, storeroom, computer rooms, halls, dining room, workshop, boiler room, power distribution unit, woodworking, construction sites, etc. The above site no-smoking ban fire district, is strictly prohibited to smoke in these parts, the use of open fires and illegal electricity, fire. Leaders at all levels and all teachers must be in strict accordance with the fire key parts of the implementation of fire prevention. All units and individuals have maintenance of fire safety, fire protection, fire-prevention facilities, the report fire. All units and teachers have participated in fire suppression work obligations.

6 no unit or individual has the power to impeach, sue and stop endangering public fire safety act.

7 fire safety work to implement the responsibility system for fire safety, security, accountability and assessment, appraisal, rewards, and punishing bad.

Article 8 in accordance with the General principles of the departments of medicine departments post (posts) of the actual situation, the development of fire protection systems and fire protection, sound fire organizations to implement the responsibility system for fire safety.

Chapter II of responsibility for fire safety

Article 9: responsibilities of the Institute responsible for fire protection (Secretary, Dean)

(A) implement the fire Statute and superior fire work instructions.

(Ii) organizations implement incrementally, fire safety responsibility and positions of responsibility for fire safety.

(Iii) establish and improve the school system of the fire prevention and safety procedures.

(4) for all teachers to conduct fire safety education.

(5) fire inspections eliminate fire hazards.

(Vi) improving fire safety, improve fire protection facilities.

(7) leading command dedicated and obligations fire organizations.

(8) organizations to develop College fire emergency evacuation plan, organize and direct staff and put out the fire, protection of the scene of the fire, tracing, dealing with fire to assist fire departments to investigate the cause of fire.

Article 10 home fire safety Committee responsibilities

(A) residential fire safety Committee headed by a Director (Executive Vice President), three Deputy Director: competent College safety work to defend the Director, officer, Director, student work students in charge of Logistics Director, Committee members from each Department Directors, full-time staff for the fire.

(Ii) the implementation of the Institute of progressive fire safety responsibility and accountability, and carry out the job security of various fire regulations and superior fire work instructions, Research Institute of fire safety analysis problems, according to the actual situation of the Institute, in different stages of the fire prevention tasks. Establishing fire prevention plans and fire safety measures.

(C) direction base fire organizations fire prevention, fire safety inspection and supervision responsibility.

(4) to establish and improve a variety of fire safety system. Mainly include: fire safety, fire power, inflammable, explosive materials management, architectural design fire review, fire-fighting equipment management and implementation of rewards and punishments system implementation.

(5) is responsible for establishing fire prevention files, determine the fire key parts, specify and implement security measures, fixed, fixed, fixed liability management.

(6) organization established obligations to develop training plans for fire brigades, to organize fire drill and fire suppression work.

(VII) develop programmes to extinguish fire in the early days of fire, fire protection, investigation of the fire scene, the validation process.

(8) organisation of departments for fire prevention for assessment, appraisal, rewards and punishments.

(9) College fire safety Committee the members of the Division of responsibility, Security Department, trade unions andThe members of the propaganda Department is responsible for the whole school staff and fire regulations and fire safety education (per year for a period of not less than once), improving teachers ' awareness of fire safety and comply with fire regulations. Members of the Security Department is responsible for the day-to-day management of fire safety Institute and fire suppression work, organization of the whole hospital of safety checks (not less than one per quarter), on the fire hazard identified, relevant departments for research coordination and proposed solutions to be rectified. Organizations on college fire safety equipment, facilities maintenance, maintenance work. Student members at the students ' safety education and management. Other members are responsible for doing the important parts of fire safety and fire safety education teachers.

Article 11 of the Office of the fire protection duties

(A) be responsible for establishing the College fire safety profile.

(Ii) implementation of the fire Statute, making college fire safety management system.

(3) conduct fire safety check for all levels of leaders and teachers, on the importance of fire; the fire Statute and college fire safety management system implementation; there is no danger of fire fire; fire protection technology of Setup and custody, maintenance and repair. Do rixun monthly checking, as well as major events and holidays security checks work.

(4) to report regularly to the competent leadership Institute fire prevention work.

(5) is responsible for fire-fighting equipment, equipment, facilities, check, purchase, equipment, replacement work.

(Vi) the existence of fire hazard of units issued a notice of the fire hazard, and supervise the rectification.

(VII) submitted to the fire safety Commission, implementation of fire prevention and fire safety Commission decision.

Article 12, Office, room, Hall, houses and other fire prevention work leading group responsibilities

(A) in the College fire safety Committee leadership, organization and implementation of the Department of fire safety responsibility seriously implement fire safety responsibility in their work.

(B) carry out the various fire regulations and administrative provisions, the Institute of fire safety on fire safety of workers in education (not less than one per month).

(3) according to the sector's working environment and characteristics of fire management system, developed and posted on the wall, the implementation of each position (job) fire zone and responsibility.

(4) conduct regular fire safety inspections (weekly check at least once) so that it is institutionalized. To check the issue and found in promptly rectified hidden dangers; 1 does not resolve to take emergency measures to prevent the occurrence of fire and timely reporting.

(5) the establishment of obligations of the fire brigade, education and training, owning personnel have the skills that will fire extinguishing a fire in the early days.

(Vi) summary of assessment activities, the implementation of fire prevention of adverse problems units and individuals, according to security responsibility system, one-vote veto system for processing. Recognition of fire prevention advanced individual and collective, and promote the work of the mass of fire.

Article 13 of the Office, Studio, classroom, fire key parts staff responsibility for fire safety

(A) according to this post (posts) of the working environment and characteristics of fire safety system, developed and posted on the wall, carefully comply with fire safety regulations and procedures.

(B) carry out fire safety education, to enhance safety awareness, consciously do fire prevention work.

(Iii) enhance fire safety check, do the work after working hours before the scheduled checks to form the system in order to eliminate the vulnerability, discovered in a timely manner.

(4) to learn and master the skills to achieve the "fire, three known" and "three", "namely" three known: know the job responsibilities and areas of fire prevention, fire prevention system to know, measure and understand ways to put out the fire; the "three", namely: will alarm, fire extinguishing equipment is used, the beginning of fire fighting.

Article 14 fire cadre duties

(A) according to the specific situation of the company, to develop a fire safety management system.

(2) on the fire key parts of the body, carried out regular inspections.

(3) the initiative to promote fire safety knowledge, promote the popularity of fire regulations, fire safety skills, improve staff security awareness and compliance.

(Iv) timely recommendations leading fire safety check and eliminate fire hazards.

(5) on the basis of investigation and research, to develop practical fire scenario.

(6) the obligation of the fire brigade training organization, so it stays good for preparedness.

(7) in case of fire, timely alarm and fire fighting organization, protection of the scene to investigate the cause of the fire, investigates the offending person responsible, the submission process.

Article 15: obligation to fire department responsibilities

(A) the study of the FSO and superior fire safety work instructions and requirements. Take the lead in implementing the fire regulations and fire safety management system.

(Ii) to participate actively in fire training to acquire and improve the fire-fighting skills.

(3) conduct regular fire safety inspections and timely elimination of various fire hazard.

(4) seriously unattended, patrol, prevent the bad guys arson destroyed.

(5) learn fire extinguishing programme, ready to fight the fire.

Chapter III provisions on fire management systems and

Article 16 the important parts of fire safety management system

Fire prevention focus areas are vulnerable to the effects of fire, fire, concentration, globally property set. The principles that fire danger and fire after economic losses, loss of life, the principle of political impact. Therefore, the key parts of the fire safety Commission identified as soon as it is, it is necessary to strengthen key management.

(A) the fire key parts to smoking ban fire district, prohibited fire, fire and flammable, explosive hazardous chemicalsCommodities. Restaurants and other use of fire, electricity sector, must strictly adhere to the security operation procedures, personnel must be specially trained certificates.

(Ii) Prohibition of smoking in key areas, the use of open fires, store, or the use of electric heating appliances.

(3) position of responsibility, the implementation of fire prevention and fire safety responsibilities for management.

(Iv) establishment of obligations of the fire brigade, fire precautions and fire scenario.

(5) every day of the fire safety check, identify and eliminate fire hazards.

(6) establishing fire prevention archives. Important parts of fire prevention to achieve the Organization have a sound system, responsibility, measures implemented, archival records detailed, accurate and complete.

17 of flammable, explosive hazard chemicals fire management provisions

(A) flammable, explosive hazard, chemical substances management must strictly enforce the State Council on chemical dangerous goods Safety Ordinance.

(2) flammable, explosive hazardous chemicals management must elect political reliable, responsible, understand business and become familiar with the nature of the transport of dangerous goods.

(3) the use of hazardous chemicals, management, strict implementation of the new issue, approval, inspection, acceptance and strict issuing formalities, such as warehousing registration system.

(4) flammable, explosive hazard classification of chemicals should be guided by the principles of management, non-deposit, mixing, prevent severe chemical reaction occurs between the cause of the fire, explosion or fire-fighting methods to fight happen.

(E) flammable and explosive hazardous chemicals should be kept in the special storeroom, managers should be ready to master a variety of chemicals in different conditions changes, and timely measures, do a security precaution.

(Vi) area to have clear signs of fire-fighting equipment, with all outsiders, is strictly prohibited.

Article 18 of the regulations on use of the open fire

(A) unauthorized use of the open fire on campus ban, because of work need to use open fire, by using a flat to application security departments, and issued a certificate of approval before fire with fire.

(Ii) use of open fires (including the electricity and gas welding), should take security measures, clear the scene around inflammable materials, equipped with fire-fighting equipment and specialist care. The use of fire must be on site to check, preventing legacy kindling fire.

(3) for the electricity and gas welding jobs should strictly implement the security operation procedures, certificates, students teaching requires actual operation shall be determined by a professional technician (Safety) on-site guidance.

(4) it is prohibited in the campus of incineration of wastes, waste paper, garbage, and leaves. Construction units to timely clean construction waste.

(5) the prohibition on the campus of fireworks.

Article 19 provides for fire-fighting facilities management

(A) fire hydrant settings should be consistent with the architectural design of the fire code requirements, the housing infrastructure sector is responsible for college fire hydrant planning, design, construction, maintenance, maintenance, and Security Department is responsible for monitoring, inspection, acceptance and use.

(B) prohibit the fire facility moved to do it, feel free to start alarm facilities.

(3), forbidden occupy, bury hydrant or stacked items around it.

(4) fire-fighting equipment to apply for registration of the Security Department of management, according to the actual situation of planning, acquisition and distribution, and regularly carry out checks and maintenance.

(5) allocated to departments for fire-fighting equipment should be properly safeguarded against loss, damage, or released. Loss, damage, or release of compensation should be according to the price, at the same time be disciplined.

(6) illegally or damaging fire facilities of a criminal offence, teachers should be stolen and sold and destroy fire fighting facilities.

(VII) are prohibited in non-emergency situations without pressing the Red emergency button switch, open fire emergency channel.

Article 20 fire safety management systems library

(A) library for the fire key part, is strictly prohibited to carry fire, fire and inflammable.

(2) smoking is prohibited in the Hall, the use of open fires and storage, the use of electric heating appliances.

(3) shall be used within the stack lighting devices of other electrical equipment not pull the power cord. Other items may be deposited.

(4) shall be lodged in the museum rooms (except for on-duty staff).

(5) the managers shall have the right to endanger public fire safety behavior management, lending should be obedient, not vexatious.

(6) the daily work to be carried out safety checks, power off, lock the doors and Windows.

(7) these provisions apply to the reading room, library, archives, library and other parts of fire management.

Article 21, the computer room fire safety management system

(A) the computer room to focus part of fire is strictly forbidden to bring fire, fire and inflammable.

(Ii) Prohibition of smoking in the computer room, use of open fires and storage, the use of electric heating appliances.

(Iii) equipment installation to meet fire safety requirements, not pull the power cord.

(Iv) maintenance staff should strengthen distribution, air conditioning, the host system of inspection, to discover hidden anomalies and promptly processed.

(5) computer personnel should adhere to the engine room fire safety management system, strictly forbidden to dismantle equipment, subject to the staff and management.

(6) good night and holidays with machine registration management, responsible for the engine room fire extinguishing equipment management.

(VII) watchkeeping personnel should be seriously do daily fire safety inspection and security work.
BR > (8) these provisions apply to the Photography Studio, computer Studio.

22 a rehearsal room, black box theater fire safety management system

(A) a rehearsal room, black box theater to fire is an important parts, smoking, no-fire zone, non-smoking, the use of open fire and electric heater.

(Ii) a rehearsal room, black box theater of fire safety by the responsible departments and users.

(3) a rehearsal room, black box theater electrical equipment and wiring installation, you must strictly enforce the electric

Gas engineering installation standards, by a formal electrical operation and management, regular maintenance checks.

(4) power distribution lines shall wear metal pipe protection, a ban on the use of plastic lines. From afar, stage, the audience Hall and other places of distribution lines, must tap control, the prohibition of the use of aluminum wire.

(5) the stage of electrical appliances and lighting equipment to meet safety requirements, no overload of electricity. Portable electric devices use rubber cable, lights and curtains and other combustible distance shall be not less than 50 cm.

(6), should be allowed to acquire on a regular basis to show devices for maintenance, unrelated persons banned to enter review rooms.

(VII) the channel should remain open. Venue doors should be installed emergency lighting and signs, is strictly prohibited without moving, demolition.

(8) activity is finished, use units and managers deal with the use of the stage, backstage, etc to check and ensure that no fire danger before the door.

(9) to enter the rehearsal room, black box theater personnel should carefully observe the rehearsal room, black box theater fire safety management system. Managers shall have the right to endanger public fire safety act.

Article 23 electric variable (equipped) room, equipment room fire safety management system

(A) transmission room, equipment for fire protection key parts, prohibited fire, fire and flammable, explosive hazardous chemicals.

(Ii) non-smoking, the use of open fire and the use of electric heater and high power electrical appliances for cooking, water heating, heating.

(3) the staff must be strict implementation of the Beijing area standard for the installation of electrical engineering, the electrical work in Beijing and other relevant provisions of the Statute.

(4) staff members shall be on time on the operation of the equipment to check and record all activities not related to the post.

(5) the transmission and distribution, and equipment room no stacking metal objects and animals to prevent short circuits between phases. Do cable Groove and holes to prevent the leakage of reptiles.

(6) the transmission and distribution, device is strictly set bed rooms, and outsiders, step up inspections checks to prevent accidents and damage to the bad guys.

(7) the person on duty to strictly comply with the duty roster of firm commitment to do the various records, failure to timely organization repair and troubleshooting to prevent accidents from occurring.

24 offices, classrooms, studios fire safety management system

(A) are not allowed to hold office, classroom, inflammable, explosive materials, such as the prerequisite for teaching needs of flammable, to set up expert management, Department store, enhance management. Storage of more books, papers, paper, and other combustible materials of offices, classrooms, to adopt stringent fire safety measures and non-smoking.

(2) the prohibition of storage or use of the furnace, electric heater, the prohibition in the Office and classroom use of stoves for cooking, water heating, heating.

(3) the prohibition in the various work lamp cover cover inflammable materials, waste paper, and waste have burned down, subject to approval of the defence sector after opening it was hot, to a designated safe areas burned down, and always manned, to be completely extinguished before you leave.

(4) no smoking in the classroom, every day after work, class to fire inspection after cutting off all power, close the window to lock the door, periodically clean the Interior of waste paper, debris and refuse.

(5) this room and outdoor channel of fire-fighting equipment must be in place to educate students on fire equipment do not arbitrarily moving or damaged.

25 warehouse fire safety management system

(A) warehouse fire safety management must be in accordance with the State Council approved the warehouse fire safety management rules.

(2) the fire key parts of the warehouse, no outsiders and carrying of fire, the fire from entering. Area to be smoke, use open flames and storage, using electric heater.

(C) warehouse managers must be familiar with the stored goods classification, nature, custody business knowledge and fire safety systems, fire-fighting equipment in use, keep the allotment of fire equipment, fire protection work well this post.

(4) lights are not allowed to use the library and more than 60 Watt tungsten iodine lamp more high lighting. Lights stacked items not allowed below, below its vertical and horizontal spacing stored goods must not be less than the 0.5 m.

(5) the library is not permitted to pull wires and temporary use any electrical appliances.

(6) are not allowed to live within the library, regardless of the personnel is prohibited.

(VII) the Treasury managers should do a daily security checks to confirm that no danger before brake power off, lock the doors and Windows to work.

26 halls of fire safety regulations

(A) in the halls of important parts for fire, in the case of smoking, no-fire zone, is strictly prohibited to carry flammable, explosive hazardous chemicals.

(Ii) collective dormitory smoke, use open flames and storage, the use of electric heating appliances, prohibited in hostels Cook, water regularly.

(3) the prohibition in hostels la set temporary cables, no person shall, without increasing Gates insurance.

(4) it is prohibited to use candle lighting.

(5) the officers left the dormitories, you must cutBreaking the electrical power.

(6) the prohibition in the corridor and the incineration of waste, dormitory prohibits the discharge of fireworks.

(VII) loudaonei prohibition of bike and stacked items to ensure unobstructed.

(8) the accommodation shall be carefully comply with fire safety management requirements, protect the building fire facilities, to the same hazards of public fire safety.

(9) the basement halls of the channel, you should install the emergency lighting.

(10) these provisions apply to students, graduate students, undergraduate students, college students, student, youth staff, temporary dormitories (apartment).

Article 27 other workplace fire safety management system

Important parts for fire safety in the workplace, in the case of smoking, no-fire zone, is strictly prohibited non-staff.

(A) prohibited from flammable, explosive hazardous chemicals.

(Ii) non-smoking, the use of open fires and storage, using electric heater. (3) workplace memory on wood should not be too much to the timely removal of finished product, go to wood shavings, sawdust and other combustible debris clean.

(4) installation of electrical equipment should be consistent with the "electrical equipment installation specification" requirement, the motor should be closed, the unused closed to additional shield, conductor casing laying, switches and distribution boxes, electrical equipment should be provided of the protective device, often cleaning, strengthening the inspection and maintenance.

(5) when, after work every day to conduct fire safety checks to ensure that no legacy risks, power off, lock the doors and Windows.

(6) the staff in the workplace must be use fire extinguishing equipment, combined with this Studio features the strict implementation of the internal fire prevention system.

Article 28 the electricity, gas, fire safety requirements

(A) welder must receive special training, exam to obtain certification, can operate independently.

(Ii) welding and cutting before approval by the defence sector, to receive, before hot work permit, you must set the job to see fire workers.

(3) welding and cutting operations in strict accordance with the security operation procedures for operations in violation, is prohibited.

(4) with a combustible gas and chemical dangerous goods containers and equipment, not thoroughly cleaned before welding and cutting shall be carried out.

(5) it is prohibited in some combustible gas, powder and explosion risk areas for welding and cutting.

(6) welding and cutting operations are not permitted to and painting operations with parts at the same time.

(7) prohibits the acetylene generator placed near the fire.

(8) are not allowed to use the faulty welding and cutting tools, welding wires and fitted with a combustible gas cylinders.

(9) welding and cutting is finished in time cut off the power, gas, and on the job site cleanup, eliminate fire hazards.

(10) welding and cutting the scene must be equipped with fire-fighting equipment, hazardous locations should be set by hand in the field of care.

Article 29 of the building fire safety provisions for the management of the design and construction

(A) new, expanded and reconstructed, decoration project implementation reporting and approval system.

(B) of the building and construction units to 3 days before the project started, the application and construction programmes reported Security Department audit, approved before construction.

(C) any organization or individual is prohibited in compound built by chaos privacy.

(4) the construction and construction units and security department signed a security agreement for construction.

Chapter IV rewards and punishments

Article 30, in fire-fighting work outstanding units or individuals, should give recognition or awards:

(A) fire, fire prevention, fire safety measures for the sound system, fire prevention, fire safety responsibility awareness education, organize and mobilize the masses to this unit of fire safety work, outstanding achievements of the organization or individual.

(B) the importance of fire safety work, in the regular fire safety inspections and timely exclude fire hazard. Fire-fighting equipment, equipment availability, no fire, accountability, performance outstanding units and individuals.

(3) model to comply with the fire Statute, have the courage to stop crimes against public fire safety behavior, deeds of outstanding units and individuals.

(Iv) timely detection and elimination of major fire risks, avoid fire accidents.

(5) the discovery of fire, timely alerts, actively fighting, rescue of public property and outstanding people's lives and property.

(6) to identify fire cause outstanding contributions.

Where article 31 of the violation of fire safety systems, fire hazards do not fire, the fire did not result in losses, depending on the seriousness of respectively responsible criticism, education, communication, deduction allowance or disciplinary sanctions.

32 where not pay attention to fire prevention, misfeasance, malfeasance, there are serious risks, security departments of two written notification has not been rectified and departments (units), will give the heads of departments, fire criticize, deduction allowance or administrative action.

Article 33 of the Academy of security violation, causing fire fire prevention, fire, causing property damage, depending on the seriousness of the case that the directly responsible for people, departments, fire officials, heads of Department respectively informed criticism, withholding allowances, compensation, and the necessary action. Shall be held responsible by the public security organs.

Where there is a fire accident, resulting in loss of property, but also by security responsibility system and one-vote veto system processing.

Contract unit and staff violated the regulations on college fire safety and the impact of the accident, the plot, character, responsibility, combined with the relevant provisions of the terms of the contract. The terms of the contract is not agreed, will be given notification of criticism, all the loss compensation. Serious cases investigated by the police and the unit IResponsibilities.

Off-campus fire safety personnel in breach of school regulations, references to the regulations or to the public security organs.

Article 34 and procedural requirements:

(A) in case of fire, the Security Department to assist fire departments for investigation and verification, fire units written report, the Office of the fire safety Commission proposed treatment advice, news College, the fire safety Commission approval.

(Ii) the loss of personal allowance, the College fire safety Commission Office (Defense Department) written notice to the Institute for financial services, personnel department.

(3) compensation for financial loss, by directly responsible will be compensated at college fire safety Committee Office (Defense Department), the Security Department SSO College Financial Department.

(4) the fire safety awards funds to be paid from the College Fund.

(5) implementing safety responsibility system and one-vote veto system in accordance with the relevant provisions.

Article 35, social service agencies, outside construction units and personnel, College (departments) of employed staff perform chapter IV of this requirement, and shall pay the PSB. Construction units and employees for violations of these provisions is Institute (Department) to terminate the contract, College (sector) is not liable for breach of contract.

Article 36 of the decision to make a deal with objections to the College discipline supervisory Tribunal Office of reconsideration. Reconsideration of the original decision during implementation; however, any of the following situations, you can stop execution:

(A) make the decision of suspension is deemed necessary;

(2) a reconsideration of the suspension is deemed necessary;

(3) where the application for suspension, reconsideration that its request is reasonable, the decision to stop execution;

(4), of the other stops execution.

Chapter five supplementary provisions

Article 37 of this regulation by the College fire safety Commission Office (Security Department) is responsible for the interpretation.

Article 38 of this regulation since the date of publication.