【 Weak current College 】 residential grade and water supply and drainage design criteria of

[Summary] discussion of water supply and drainage and fire on the classification of residential buildings, as well as specific implementation methodology.

[Keywords] residential; grade; water and wastewater; fire; design standards

After entering the 21st century, China's increased residential comfort, usability, safety, durability and fuel economy requirements, residential construction of buildings and structures, energy-saving and new energy use, kitchen technology, pipeline technology, the environment and its protection technology, intelligent technology and construction supervision of technology evaluation and proposed residential classification of the three grade — the application type, comfort and enjoyment of, the technical requirements and classification are related to water supply and drainage, and fire. This article attempts to different levels of under residential and standard requirements, the corresponding water system and fire protection design standards to design master scale, meet the requirements of different grades of residence.

1. water supply and drainage design standards

In the design process, designers should be according to the owners of the investment, as well as owners of the residential grades, individual professional specific technical indicators and standards in order to reflect the owner's building requirements, a good investment for owners and quality. So in design plan should identify each professional design standards to facilitate investment evaluation and quality control.

1 classification of residential grade

At present, domestic to domestic into applicable, comfort and enjoyment of three levels. Their specific category as follows:

Applicable type housing: this level of housing is suitable for wage-earners, the sectors of fixed income and lower, the greatest number. Key to living as the primary purpose, quality, quality and environment, comfort of pursuit is not high, the pursuit of plane features not strong, home decoration, material grades are lower, the water supply and drainage system and fire protection requirements is not high, the bathroom and kitchen ware for the domestic standard, can satisfy the use and general safety. Class residential investment savings possible requirements. Although the number of wage-earners, but their low income, insufficient purchasing power, the future is not the subject of the real estate market.

Comfort apartment: this level of housing is suitable for white collar workers, the segments of the higher-income and floating income larger span, the higher number. Class residential to live as a main objective at the same time both leisure purpose, quality, quality and environment, comfort, and so have to pursue plane features have strongly demands that the family decoration usually wood floor, material grade is higher, on the water supply and drainage and fire requirements are higher, bathroom and kitchen and sanitary ware-product-made luxury or joint venture. On the environment, requires a certain mood, can meet the residence requirements for living and leisure comfort features, to use, high security requirements. Class residential investment is located in the Middle, but there is a psychological price point and line, due to the variety of white collar worker, the line is vague, is a diverse group of pursuit, is also the subject of real estate purchase.

Enjoy type housing: this level of housing is suitable for the boss and the annual salary of 20-30 million above the level of white-collar have fixed-income, and no cap on the number of less. Class residential to live as a main objective at the same time both leisure, entertainment and hospitality to guests of purpose, quality, quality and environment, comfort, and so there is a strong, strong on plane features, usually wood floor room, material grade high, often with imported famous brand products, on the water and fire, bathroom and kitchen ware for imported products. On the environment and the ambience to pursue high, residential requirements meet living and leisure, entertainment and hospitality of comfort functions. To use, high security requirements. This class is located in the upscale residential investment to satisfaction, less restrictive, was the subject of real estate purchase, but a small number.

Applicable, comfort and enjoyment-three levels of residence constituted a real estate market of pyramids. Applicable type dwelling Tower bottom, enjoy housing Tower. But in the future in terms of purchasing power and the number of purchase, real estate market would be rendered at least among larger pattern.

Author under residential comfort, usability, safety, durability and affordability, as well as energy-saving and new energy use, kitchen technology, pipeline technology, the environment and its protection technology, intelligent technologies for residential real estate market in the three levels of water supply and drainage system and fire protection design standards, as described in table 1.



2 design standards

Residential design standards are divided into sections: a pure design standards, such as water standards, it has nothing to do with the equipment standards; second, and the equipment-related standards, such as using IC card meter, etc.

The selection of pure design standards embodied the owners of the intent and manifests the design level, the Institute should be taken seriously. At present there are pure design standard health science research water standards, hot water, drinking water standards, toilet odor technical standards including drainage piping design standards (1, 2, 3 control pipe, equipment ventilation four grades) and floor drain design standards, the pipeline technology (pipe insulation, pipe wells and dark attire, etc.). The selection of these standards should be the table 1 of the 3 types of room type, for each of the standards relate to investment, designers can neither blindly adopt high standards, but cannot and does not match the architecture level of the low standards, resulting in the orientation of the building owner is insufficient.

Domestic water standards with the residential rate increases and the increase is due to the high grade, if water standard low household may water indicators are not sufficient, there will be complaints. But if there is not an appropriate indicator of high water, the construction units to pay four source fee, the landlord will have opinions. In addition, countries stressed water saving, such as Beijing provides each household monthly water indicators ' (', which is equivalent to the average per person a day water indicators to 100L, Tianjin requirement per capita a day water quota for 80L, in such a low water indicator, the design must be in the section taps and fittings, otherwise the water will be enough. Therefore, domestic water indicators in design should take seriously。

Hot water and pipeline system design standard is the embodiment of the residential and other times an important indicator. If it is not centralized hot water supply system, the system is simple, only need to set aside in accordance with the energy of electric or gas water heaters, household where you can choose according to your own preferences. But when centralized hot water supply system, the problem is complex, a hot water indicators, the second is the system of choice. Hot water indicators should be based on domestic grade appropriate increase, with the further deepening of the real estate market, real estate Chamber of prudent, and if the design does not take into account, be very passive. So hot water indicators should carefully research and treatment.

Hot water system of choice involves water temperature and water saving. At present domestic hot water supply systems is generally divided into full-time water and regular water supply. Property managers tend to increase revenue at low temperature (typically 50 ℃) heating water, so if the pipeline system design is not reasonable, could result in a waste water is households, the second is the lack of water temperature, increasing the hot water costs. According to the survey, the current domestic hot water charging $ 10-15,/m3. If you increase the temperature of hot water, and energy spent on large property management costs. Under the building code for design of water supply and drainage, hot water temperature is 60 ° c, General domestic hot water outlet temperature of the water heater control in 65 ℃, pipe heat loss Supreme press 10 ¡ã c calculation, the minimum household water temperature of 55 degrees centigrade. In General, water and waste water with high user, this pipeline design for, generally speaking, the hot water pipes, pipe insulation. At present the national design specification also does not open out of hot water taps into hot water, but most internationally recognized standard is a maximum of 10s. This standard looks simple, in fact, viewed from the pipeline design or difficult, because at design time but also the branch pipe pipeline heating problem. If time long water waste is too great, the design-time if the horizontal branch pipe is too long, you can use horizontal branch pipe circulating pipe, but horizontal branch pipe circulating too difficult, the present international use more electricity-heat, which is the special design of the thermal cable winding on the pipeline, to achieve the purpose of the insulation.

Drinking water design standards that is health drinking water standards, the national design specification is being developed in drinking water. Health drinking water system is in the water on the basis of further processing to achieve direct consumption standards. The treatment process generally activated carbon, membrane filtration, disinfection, etc. Activated carbon in organic matter content higher tap water before use. General water system pipe and utensils are made of food-type stainless steel or copper tube (copper contents 99.99%). Pipeline system uses the circulation water filtration and disinfection of drinking water tank after the back.

Toilet odor technology standards, mainly related to the drainage pipe 1 control, 2 control, 3 control and apparatus ventilation risers and floor drain design standards. 1 control is present in the family residence is usually applied in the drainage system, kitchen or bathroom only root drainage pipe 1, 1 minimum standpipe grades, easy to smell, but the minimum investment, saving kitchen area, suitable for housing. 2 control as a sewage pipe, a ventilation risers, generally used for multi-layer comfort residential and residential high-rise applicable, also have a root 3 control to droppings water drainage pipe and a clean wastewater drainage pipe, this system applies to a water system for housing. 3 control as a stool water drainage pipe, a clean wastewater drainage pipe and a ventilation risers, typically used by multiple layers of apartments and residential high-rise deluxe apartment, appliances, and senior drainage for Advanced residential apartments and foreign. For a residential water system in the best use of 3 control of drainage systems. In addition, under the building code for design of water supply and sewerage Act! layer household kitchen should be separate from or senior drainage system should be separate from the lower layer, which must be adhered to, this is a design problem, if the design has not done so, resulting in a level or lower household sewage and returned to spilled, seriously affect the quality of health.

Floor drainer is bathroom air quality is good or bad, one of the important factors. The leak should be water is greater than the floor drainer 500mm, water depth cannot be greater than 100mm, drainage problems. Although water is 100 mm, but water or easily damaged, particularly in high-rise residential buildings. Floor drain water damaged reasons: first, the drainage pipes, and design standards, correct design is generally not or fewer appear to leak water damage phenomenon; another is that the current family bathrooms very difficult forming water, floor drain water without water, no foul the water seal leakage risk, many high-rise apartment in this issue. A solution to this problem is the best way to leak water-water supplement, such as artificial water, or use multiple channel floor drain drainage by wash-water supplement to leak, this design approach was used in the design.

Pipeline technology including pipe insulation, is well located and concealed duct. Current family decoration General requirements pipe concealed, but when you consider the design of residential investment and grades, and general application-do not consider well concealed and pipeline, comfort and enjoyment of the type considered well concealed and piping. In the cold water pipe in the North generally consider dew insulation, thermal insulation of hot water pipes to consider.

3 equipment standards

Residential quality and quality of another criterion is the quality of the equipment, which is directly linked with investment, mainly in sanitary ware and its supporting hardware, pipes, etc. For applicable type housing generally use feedwater PVC plastic drain pipe, using hot-dip galvanizing steel pipe or PPR, PB, PE etc of plastic; for comfort and to enjoy the best of residential drainage using mechanism of drainage water use cast iron pipe, brass and other high-grade metal pipes. For sanitary ware for saving House adopts domestic General sanitary ware; comfort adopts domestic advanced or joint health and sanitary ware, sanitary ware imported general grade; enjoy housing or foreign apartment made of imported advanced sanitary ware.

4 noise control

Drainage system noise is to become one of the issues of concern, it is mainly through the design criteria and selection of equipment to reflect such as selection of PVC plastic drainPlumbing, bathroom noise values than the selection mechanism drainage cast iron pipe high 3-5dB, pipes and pipe insulation can reduce 1-2dB. There are design issues, such as high-rise residential water system pressure reducing valve selection wrong, can result in larger pipeline noise increases, the solution is strictly calculated, in possible noise, size double valve decompression. Water supply system in the exhaust is also one of the causes of noise, in water supply system at the top of the vertical tube set automatic discharge valve so that resolve the noise generated by air resistance. Water pump and the water tank is the main cause of the noise, the best selection of low-speed pump water pump, water pump, water pump noise-isolation design may be basic, tank noise reduction approach is the use of underwater water ways, but should have pollution control measures.

Second, fire

Residential fire design should be consistent with the country code for fire protection of the architectural design and the design of tall building fire code requirements. The current challenge is senior apartment fire sprinkler system design. Present the sprinkler system design code, and its subsequent amendments for approval of the draft are no residential fire sprinkler system. But enjoy housing for indoor decoration Deluxe and interior equipment expensive, in order to guarantee the safety of life and property, you should consider setting up automatic sprinkler system. According to United States residential sprinkler NFPA13 requirement for rapid response by private jet, PTI value to no more than 50 (m.s) 0.5, according to the provisions of the Act NFPA13R NFPA13D and nozzle press 4 nozzle meter, the system can be combined with the living water supply system. Senior apartment fire sprinkler system design and nozzle selection basic press the automatic sprinkler system design specifications "in risk level design, the sprinkler nozzle for ordinary 68 degrees centigrade. This design with the United States NFPA13, NFPA13D, provisions compared NFPA13R is non-compliant. In my view, condo, foreign-related residential or investment in more than 3000 Yuan/m2 apartment to set up automatic sprinkler systems, their design criteria may be based on the existing automatic sprinkler system design specifications ", press light hazard class considering system design, fast response residential sprinkler heads.

Third, high-tech

At present, domestic residential engineering design with high technology, such as:

1 solar water heating technology. Use of solar water heating system for domestic hot water preparation, in line with the national energy policy and environmental policy, one is energy-saving and clean energy, is the national outreach project. Each door is to set a group of solar water heater and a large hot water storage tank, to solve the problem of domestic hot water supply. This system is most used in multi-story buildings and high-rise residential. To ensure system reliability of water supply, to each holder standby electric heater.

2 utilization of geothermal supply hot water technologies. More geothermal reserves in China, using this method can be energy-saving and less environmental pollution. This technology mainly mining using geothermal water and geothermal loop recirculation to groundwater problems. With regard to hot water recirculation, current technology is not very mature.

3 floor drain water seal automatic water practices, mainly with washbasin drain to supplement the floor drain water, or use of private water supply pipe to the floor drain water, but consideration should be given to pollution prevention back issues.

4 health-drinking water treatment technology and system design. At present the Ministry of construction and Design Institute of Tsinghua University in developing the design specification, there are three main issues: first, the water indicators to determine; the second is health drinking water processing technology; the third is the pipeline system of hydraulic calculation. At present, no small number of equivalent and total equivalent minimal flow calculation formula, subject to further investigation in this regard.

5 domestic hot water system for the application of heat meter. Hot water system uses the heat meter can promote the production and quality reached the temperature of hot water, to protect the legitimate interests of the residents.

6 three tables out home practice. There are 2 kinds: one is using 3 tables remote technology, once display instrument in indoor, secondary display instrument in outdoor, to enable 3 table out home; another practice is a ladder 2 storeyed households, stair tube sets on the side of the wall, 3 table settings in the stairwells rest platform within which partition wall concealed and reached 3 table out home.

7 residential sprinkler fire-fighting technology. At present, no residential sprinkler design specifications, though we can refer to the United States NFPA13D and NFPA13R, but domestic and abroad due to habit, and there are many similarities, it should also be further study, with a view to proposing our residential fire sprinkler system design specification.

8 in water technology. Although I am College in the 80 's and 90 's on the top row of the mechanical industry wastewater reclamation and reuse technology leaps studies, in the domestic leading position, although residential greywater system and have similarities, but on residential water we after all no engineering experience, should further strengthen the research and engineering applications. And pay attention to the treatment process and system of water balance and water from pollution and other aspects of further study.