【 Weak current College 】 evacuation behavior in gymnazium

Summary: on existing buildings for fire prevention code requirements analysis, based on the assurance personnel safety, overcome and resolve current specification implementation problems, in
From the basic principles of building fire, to explore the manner of performance-based design of a mathematical model of evacuation and the building fire safety aspects influence defined as a function of the model, the architectural design of evacuation safety assessment from qualitative evaluation into
Keywords: evacuation; performance-based design; building fire
1 building fire spec implementation status
1.1 specification requirements of basic principles

Fire design of building fire resistance rating, decoration, fireproofing, smoke and smoke, fire separation, explosion-proof design, fire engines, fire power, fire water, automatic alarm and automatic fire extinguishing, and so on are all around the prevention of fire, avoid or reduce injuries, reduce property damage, reducing fire on social and political impact that several aspects to consider. Therefore, to reduce fire hazard of basic problem is suppressed fire, avoid or reduce casualties, avoid or reduce property damage.
Use non-burning material, set the fire separation, flammable or explosive gases concentration alarm facilities can prevent or suppress fires;
Improve the construction and decoration materials fire-resistant grades,
Set the spacing and fireproof separate facilities, can prevent fire spread or delaying fire expansion time, delay the evacuation facilities and fire-fighting facilities at the time of the damage;
Sets the smoke, smoke extraction facilities, for evacuation of persons and goods to create conditions conducive to the spread of fire can also be suppressed;
Set the automatic fire alarm systems and automatic sprinkler system can be quickly found and timely fire extinguishing fires; setting conducive to fire engines arrived road, as soon as possible, put out the fire and rescue personnel and material, and so on. All of these facilities and settings of the fundamental purpose is to reduce casualties and property damage. This is also the starting point for all fire safety norms.
The current specification implementation 1.2 problems
At present, China's building fire measures taken, notably in accordance with the relevant national authorities to develop technical specifications for the design, construction and review oversight. These technical specifications for building fire in China has played a positive role. However, the existing norms in a lot of problems in the implementation:
First, because the specification is to detail the provisions of articles, the design staff in determining the functions of a building, can only be based on a controlled fire codes one by one, the implementation of measures restricting the freedom of design, architectural features, architecture, building artistic design limited. In addition, many designers at design time only in accordance with the specifications for design, less than, or even firmly, appear rigid design, is not conducive to the development of the fire protection design;
Second, since the specification of the mandatory and limitations, many of the design of new ideas, new technology, production of building a new structure, the use of new materials are hard to play with; third, since the specification is a common problem, taking into account the particularities of the buildings below, which appear on some buildings require excessively strict, resulting in wasted on fire investment, while for others the building requirements are too loose, can not meet fire safety needs of phenomena; fourth, as the specifications of the time, space limitations, cannot contain new types of construction capabilities and structure, a specification for vacuum, despite frequent amendments, or not be able to meet the actual needs.
Practical applications, such as the tall buildings design fire protection standard for height 24.1m or 90m hospital are identified as high a building, whether from fires or evacuation, these two very different architecture, unified requirements clearly unreasonable. Another example of the architectural design fire protection standard article 8.7.1 article 6 on an air-conditioning system of the hotel and office building of some parts are required to set up automatic sprinkler equipment, water-cooled central air conditioning system and air-cooled air-conditioning system is very different from, the same protection is not required, it is not economical.

2 performance-based fire protection design
2.1 performance-based fire superiority of design
The existing fire technical specifications in the science and rationality, coherence and economics are present many problems to be solved. Thus, in recent years, domestic and foreign many people to explore and study, and proposed a "performance-based fire protection design," this new concept, as fire design opened up a new sky. Its main idea is to reform the current specification does not adapt to modern architecture and design, comprehensive building (such as building fire rating, fire danger, fire alarm and automatic fire extinguishing facilities, security, evacuation facilities, fire separation facilities, smoke control facilities and buildings of use Group, use the functions and management, etc.)
Various factors, in ensuring fire safety, so as to minimize the amount of investment, the construction of safe performance and space shapes, use the function and maximum of harmony. In the implementation of existing specifications, when a building fire separation does not meet specifications, you can set firewall or reducing the window size to cover; when evacuation distance is long, you can increase the security for export or strengthen prevention, smoke extraction facilities to guarantee; when fire partitions over specification requirements, you can set automatic sprinkler installations to add. From these provisions can be seen, on a building, when certain aspects of the fire could not be reached, the specification is that you can take other remedial measures, and this is the performance-based fire protection design has become an important method.
2.2 on safety factors affecting evacuated and its mathematical model
Safe evacuation of the performance-based fire protection design, is how to evacuation centre, scientific, rational organization and setting of the system architecture and its components. The following aspects affecting building personnel evacuation:
First, the construction of fire resistance rating, the building of the quantity of flammable material and its combustion performance determines the building personnel evacuation time (T Yun). Fire resistance rating of low, fuel quantity big, the combustion spread speed, quantity of fuel combustion heat and smoke quantity big, the allowedEvacuation time less, contrary to many. To ensure the safety of workers in the building, you must allow time to evacuate.
Second, the required evacuation time (T). The time from room to room door of evacuation time, from door to secure export (if considered closed stair staircase, smoke, outdoor stairs as security zones, you can for stairway entrance). Different people, depending on the speed of its evacuation, the required evacuation time is different, the elderly, children, some people with disabilities, the slow evacuation of patients, the time required. If the staff of the evacuation time over buildings allow the evacuation of the time, it cannot guarantee security.
The third is the evacuation facilities (including evacuation door, evacuation aisle, staircases, evacuation lighting, evacuation signage as well as evacuation channels of fire protection, smoke), facilities effective, relative of evacuation time there would be less, on the contrary will be more. Evacuation of the aisle have straight, curved, step, there are wide and narrow, in the Gallery, the gallery. Straight, wide aisles of evacuation time less, narrow, curved and bench walk the evacuation time more. Exterior corridor of exhaust performance and good lighting, facilitate the evacuation of the inside corridor, than poor. The stairs are indoors, outdoors, wide open staircases, stairs, smoke stairs closed, its safety and evacuation has a significant impact.
The fourth is time to fire discovered, found early, for evacuation time is much, much later, found the rest of the evacuation time less, equipped with automatic fire alarm facilities, buildings, can fire early detection, which allows the evacuation time may be relatively more.
5 fire facilities, if equipped with automatic fire extinguishing system, the system of actions, it will slow down the spread of fire, smoke and gas output will be less, fire place, high temperature will slowly to allow evacuation time for more; the building is equipped with an evacuation instructions and emergency lighting, fire place officers not to panic, can quickly find export, evacuation speed is relatively quickly. Fire-resistant separating wall, the longer the evacuation time more. From the station near, and simple to start fighting the Fire Department, rescue personnel time relative to more. VI is the day-to-day use and management factors. A building like a commodity, then the qualified products, if used improperly, it may be maintained on human life safety threat, the building is no exception, place personnel fire safety awareness of it or not, whether the fire safety system in place, the implementation of the fire facility maintenance is good or bad, use the propriety is smooth, safe export, for evacuation time will be affected.
In addition, because the public gathering places may occur in a crowded crowded, the use of evacuation time than normal non-congestion of evacuation time for many, this is also the problem must be taken into account.
To sum up, you can give a mathematical model:
T F people you want to build T ≤ F F F F-danger zone F F F staircase stairs F tobacco road, F-F-F F reported holding F s (1)
Type:
T — a site has agreed to allow evacuation time should be determined by the actual detection or under fire places other valid calculation method to determine;

T need — a site for evacuation to the time required for a safe place, which times are from room to room door required evacuation time, from room door to stairway entrance time, entrance from the stairs to the outdoor safe place the desired time and;
F people — people type on the effect of allowing the evacuation time coefficient;
F building – building fire resistance rating allows evacuation time in function;
F-shaped-ground or underground architecture to allow evacuation time in function;
F district-fire protection (smoke) partition (spacing) to allow evacuation time in function;
F crisis — building material combustion characteristics (i.e., the fire hazard) to allow evacuation time in function;
F road-aisle shape to allow evacuation time in function;
F ladder — stairs on the effect of allowing the evacuation time functions;
F smoke — smoke situation to allow evacuation time in function;
F-d-fire fighting facility maintenance to allow evacuation time in function;
F-spray-fire sprinkler system to allow evacuation time in function;
F report — automatic fire alarm system to allow evacuation time in function;
F hold — occurred on crowded public gathering places to allow evacuation time in function;
F s — crowd fire safety knowledge on evacuation time in function.
As a result of the fire area is uncertain, the different parts of the fire development may also be different. So it should be under construction in different parts of the characteristics, namely calculation each part of the required evacuation time (T), the T-Yun and compare the needed T, when T need less than or equal to T Yun, designed so that they meet requirements, if T need far less than T Yun, can reduce some fire facilities, thereby reducing fire investment; T when T need greater demonstrate agreement, is not designed to meet fire safety requirements, should additional fire safety facilities.

3 closing
This model basically combines building fire safety evacuation design takes account of various factors, in addition to more than the current specification for scientific, reasonable, there are the following advantages:
First, the model is easy to add parameters, easy to constantly improve and supplement;
Second, because the model is a method of quantitative evaluation, application at a later time, you can implement a computer program that meets the needs of social development;
Third, wide application, regardless of how the architectural structure, this method can be applied, will not appear for vacuum and often modify the specification and other phenomena;
Fourth, this approach not only can be used on the architectural design of the evaluation of safety or not, can also be in old buildings, in particular the security assessment on the expanded and reconstructed and changed using the function evaluation of buildings, also useable for fire hazard identification, address fire hazards assessment cannot be based on the nature of the problem.
But looking from aboveThis is a comprehensive strong, this model also has in-depth clearly, if the building permit evacuation time, fire every part required evacuation time how to determine which also involves the development and spread of fire, smoke, many uncertain factors. In addition, all the functions in the model is not a simple determination can be obtained,
Many functions based on variables, how to define variables and functions, also through a large number of experiments and practice test to assess.