【 Weak current College 】 skyscraper fire suppression methods of study

Summary: this article adoption jingmen region high-rise construction and analysis of fire, made in fighting such a fire is important work. In doing a coordinated operations must be combined with the fire-fighting and rescue practical, flexible implementation of life, at the same time must pay attention to the danger of fire, firefighters own defensive capabilities, avoid and reduce deaths and injuries from occurring.
Keywords: high-rise building high-temperature and high-pressure fire suppression methods of study

Highrise is the 10 tier and 10 storey residential buildings (including the first-tier set of business service network of residential) and building height exceeding 24 m of public buildings, and Layer 2 and Layer 2 and above the building height exceeding 24 m of the plant or warehouse. In recent years, with the economy and industry, the rapid development of high quality in jingmen, intelligence, and modern high-rise buildings (top homes) and used for industrial production of high-rise buildings, warehouses are springing up like mushrooms, at the high-rise building fire occurred from time to time, though not resulted in greater loss of life and economic damage, but also reflect the increasingly high building fire situation. Study on high-rise building fire fighting, for effective disposal of such fire, avoiding and reducing casualties and economic loss, to prevent the occurrence of malignant fire accident, has the extremely important practical significance. Author acquaintance own uneducated feelings here, wrote this clumsy to start.

«Ò» ¡ ¢ characteristics analysis of high-rise building fire
High-rise buildings mainly in public buildings, mainly radio and television building, hospitals, government buildings, office buildings, hotels, industrial buildings less tall, this kind of building in the event of fire would show the following characteristics:

(A) smoke and fire spread way more easy to form a solid fire. Class building vertical tube well, sharing space, glass curtain wall cracks and so easy to produce chimney effect, Fireworks, pyrotechnic spread fast and easy along the ceiling, Windows and doors, aisle to spread horizontally, while the fire was easily along the wall window up blood, even the "jump" curl-up layer spread, plus external wind effect would exacerbate spread through radiation and convection, cause adjacent building burning.

(2) evacuation difficult, extremely easy to cause casualties. The comparison of the staff of high-rise buildings, most of them intensively without fire safety knowledge and training, in the event of fire, the inevitable panic, crowded even jump from the high temperature, smoke filled with buildings, resulting in reduced visibility within the building, causing panic trapped people, increasing evacuation difficult, smoke, toxic gases, combustion products, it is easy to result officers choking, poisoning deaths.

(3) it is difficult to fight. The region has several dozens meters tall buildings, or even a hundred meters far exceeded that of elevating the car's detachment combat range, in the event of a fire from the outside to the considerable difficulty of suppression, generally based on self-help. However, due to historical and practical reasons, the region's many fire facilities do not meet the actual needs, this will greatly increase the difficulty of extinguishing.

Second, the skyscraper fire suppression methods
In view of the high-rise building fire situation, I think that in fighting the Highrise to implement effective coordinated operations, reducing fire fighting in extra time consumption, reducing fire extinguishing time, reducing casualties and property loss.

(A) fire Scout to quickly and accurately, harmonization. Skyscraper fire due to smoke, heat, heat, pressure and severe impact, makes the scene reconnaissance, fire parts, fire fire information while it is difficult to grasp, first flown in fire brigade, in strengthening the scene reconnaissance force, it is only through the fire Scout (groups) of rational division of labour, cooperate with each other, and integrated from different perspectives, different scene of azimuth information acquired by the fire in order to determine the location of the fire, thereby overcoming the Scouting process human errors and machinery (such as fire auto-alarm) error, provide accurate for fire fighting, shortens the scene reconnaissance.

(Ii) fire-fighting operations to rapid and orderly, collaboration agreement. Into the fire, fire fighting, will start to fire extinguishing control to gain time. And high-rise buildings in the surrounding green areas, fountains, car parks and service district, will seriously impede the large special vehicles, especially in a car, ladders near and jobs; fire layer distortion of building components, doors and Windows, the collapse of the stairs, roof, wall, hindered the combatants into the scene, has limited the combatants of the job; combatants of uninterrupted work, fire-fighting equipment, personal protective equipment for continuous replenishment, weakening overall combat effectiveness. High-rise building fire on these factors exist, will make the fire fighting to get favorable fighters. Only the fire officers and soldiers, Fire Department through mutual cooperation, to make seemingly independent of personnel, material evacuation, fire breaking, fire equipment, fire-fighters supply operations organically, in fire-extinguishing process overlap, cross, to shorten the time of rescue, fire fighting, reduce all kinds of additional losses.

(Iii) to protect the powerful logistic supply. Fire on the logistical supply, mainly concentrated in the deployment of firefighters, fire extinguishing equipment and full delivery, replacement of personal protective equipment. The demand for fire-fighting personnel. Extinguishing the fire of high-rise buildings, in order to practice shows that in the smoke, heat, heat of high-rise building fire in rapid fire detection and fire fighting, having started with foot enough strength, fire fighting building layers, the higher the demand for fire officers will increase accordingly. For modern high-rise building fire, based on the hit evil battle fire officers and men at all levels should be prepared for continuous operation, but faced with terrible fire environment, a line of fighting personnel will be on their physiological limit challenges. In order to ensure the vitality of combat troops, timely new fighting forces (such as the mobilization of reinforcements team) or on an existing strength in mutual exchanges, this increases the demand on fighting forces and the fire scheduling complexity. Fire equipment supply supply and transport. High-rise building fire on fire equipment (such as various types of fire extinguishers, air ventilator, breaking tools, lighting, etc.) needs, not only requires sufficient quantity and in time to the fire floor, but also guaranteesCard replacement supplementary equipment, such as the replacement of cylinders air ventilator, standby power supply, fire-fighting equipment of poor or inadequate, will to some extent weaken the rescue and fire fighting. In addition, high-rise building fire of fire-fighting equipment must be transported to an alternate equipment focus point. In the building of internal, personnel and equipment focus point should be located as close as possible to the ignition of the buildings, the layer so that timely call; outdoor, reinforcements fire vehicles and equipment should be set relatively spacious place, but should be close to the fire building.

(4) reinforcements to quickly strong, coordinated. The fire commander shall, in accordance with the fire of high-rise building fire, timely considering the deployment of reinforcements. The war of the reinforcements, to overcome the previously requested reinforcements too late, reinforce the team tasks, contact impeded, reinforce the team arrived at the scene only fire after the clean up and other undesirable phenomena, effective functioning reinforcements team combat effectiveness. When it arrived at the scene, the scene commanders should explain clearly the entire fire fighting strategy to understand the operational deployment of its intent to then make a variety of fire-fighting operations. In fire extinguishing process, to ensure the reinforcement of wireless communications.

(5) the communication to quickly clear, should call out within. High-rise building fire, the fire on the communications more difficult, gestures and lighting and so video contact methods are difficult to use at the scene, the scene of the current army equipment mobile communications command vehicle, portable radios, car computers became the scene of the main tools of communication. In high-rise building internal radio communication, may encounter the dead angle, such as handheld computers often do not give information in from the elevator, in addition, the radio will be the scene of hot air, a "radio silence" phenomenon. To overcome the scene on the radio communications of abuses, the Commander to architectural features, select the window and so conducive to radio transmission parts, placement of radio communications focal point, make sure that the internal and external. Setting up fire phone headquarters, in order to take advantage of high-rise buildings in the program-controlled telephone and telephone systems to improve fire communications. Through the fire broadcasting system, you can fire control rooms to fire officers and soldiers deployed combat mission.

(6) at the command prompt. Fire command is the scene of intelligence, decision making and publishing the battle command center, set mostly in mobile communications, to command car as close as possible to the scene of the fire, so that timely and effective communication and command of the fire-fighting operations. High-rise building fire of fire headquarters at least should be equipped with two business familiar staff officers, as fire command staff gathered at the scene information, the number of combatants asked fire construction for engineering and technical personnel, understand the basic architecture of the fire and the fire load size, thus contributing to the development of fire-fighting action programme provides the scientific basis. Fighting the Highrise, sometimes need to establish a second fire headquarters, i.e. indoor fire headquarters, their burning layer should be located in at least two levels below the floor, and to ensure smooth, conducive to the command.

(VII) to actively adopt "letter in attack under control, external control" main tactics. Due to the high-rise buildings affected by the smoke pipe shaft "pullout" and "the strong wind zone", window and door openings "big mouth" on the impact of the spread of fire, fire, smoke and fire can horizontally to 0.5-0.8 m/sec, in the vertical direction to 3-5 m/s speed, trajectory, it is easy to result stereo-cupola fires, appear several floors at combustion of unfavorable situation, in which case suppression difficult, not blind, in order to avoid duplication. According to the skyscraper fire extinguishing water quantity, required to adhere to the "mobility" and "focus on superior forces fight annihilation" principle, "to control, eliminate" and "split control, from top to bottom, inside and outside at the same time as the" fire-fighting tactics to effectively fight fire: first letters. Crankshaft using ladders or a car, centralized water gun, water cannon repression from the window of a burning flame, while the upper part of the deployment of forces, layer formed plugging, prevent the spread of fire upwards. Followed by the defence. Due to the high-rise elevator shaft, cable well, rubbish road pipe shaft of the cross-sectional area of and accounting for around 5% of the floor, fire conditions, as if there were some tall smokestacks, pumping up forming a pullout, soot, Fo Tan, flying fire will splash down, a fire ignited by the underlying and parts of adjacent lower. Due to slow the spread of fire, possibilities, it can properly deployed forces, but to be alert to the backyard, wasted. It is tapping again. Through the fire control rooms, start the smoke control equipment and start the sprinkler systems, fire control pump start water supply. In the right judgment fire trends, fire stairs, elevators, outdoor staircases or use of a car, external walls, doors, skylights and etc, the fire internally, the upper layers of the fire, the fire broke out on both sides of the lower layer, in part, under the cover of the spray gun to break away from the fire, the implementation of close combat. Whenever possible, use the high-rise building indoor hydrants water gun positions, rapid account for margin position, multi-faceted whammy, plugging the fire, by elimination, if internal to the high-rise buildings cannot enable fire pumps, fire engine to use fire pump adapter and vertical tube to indoor water supply. Finally, external control. Through the platform, corridors, window, outdoor stairs paving or wall, vertical, and the water zone will each water band live, so as not to fall off. By opening area for the fire under control at the same time, a small force to deploy in high-rise hotel around fortification against flying fire ignite nearby buildings.

Finally in fighting the fire, the fire fighting strength can be divided into several teams, each group should be composed of two or more people, not individual action. Each of the combatants to clear their own location, to bring in a team attack of lighting, communication, tools such as breaking, wearing oxygen (air) respirator, wear good thermal insulation, good personal protective clothing. Fire fighting teams to contact, mutual care at any time and correct errors, and ensure coherence of fire fighting. Into the fire on the inside of the combatants to regular observation itself carries the volume of gas masks, leaving a retreat to safety of sufficient volume to ensure its own security infrastructure, complete the rescue fire-fighting missions. Top hotels in fire-fighting solutions to complex, should prepare two sets of these programmes, the initiative for fire fighting, combatants to maintaining the status quo, at any time adjust the fire-fighting tactics, doThere is a conspiracy to have courage, resourcefulness, dare to fight, to improve the success rate of fire.

III. combination of firefighting and rescue scene practical, flexible implementation of rescue
At the fire scene complexity, trapped, fire-fighting personnel shortage, allows to save time is short, for example, if you want to combine the practical fire-fighting and rescue scene, flexible implementation of rescue, the main methods are:

(A) decelerating for rescue. Fire site in depth, the action will be decelerating machine end fixed on the balcony or solid objects, the rope end life-belt was set in the armpit, trapped people slow down.

(Ii) fire ladder rescue. The six-metre la ladder to the top of the fire engines, up to nine metres, ladder, in addition, take the hook ladder and La ladder, allow trapped workers themselves with hook ladder climbing down along la ladder.

(3) a ladder bypass to save lives. In the adjacent building, with fire ladder bypass, trapped people fled to neighboring CIS ladder safety for construction.

(Iv) use water gun repression was trapped people smoke, stability of the window was trapped people panic, moreover, take the La banner and other methods to try to stabilize moods persons, prevent injuries, injuries to squeeze or jump from and to various parts of the body conducting a thorough search.

(5) combined with the actual implementation of the rescue scene. You can use the secure export inside and outside buildings, evacuation staircases, elevators, fire doors and Windows, refuge, gutters, and other ways of implementing acts.

IV. fire fighting process may encounter hazards and precautions
High-rise buildings in fire suppression fire casualties during the events of the time. So the firefighters should be familiar with the skyscraper fire risk in order to avoid casualties.

(A) the danger of
1, glass. Skyscraper height generally is relatively high, its glass and thick and heavy, general building of glass and more dangerous. Fire, breakage of glass may cause injury to the masses or downstairs is fire-extinguishing of fire fighters.
2, elevator. In high-rise building fire fighting, take the elevator to go to the scene is very dangerous. The lift may be mistaken for firefighters to burning floor, may also be under the flame of baking malfunctioning card in the shaft.
3, to collapse. In the fire, floor, wall, ceiling and suspended ceiling prone to deformation, flake or collapse. Building collapse is causing fire casualties and one main reason. First floor. Fire in the enormous heat may cause the floor bending, craze, and processes. This area is likely to collapse at any time, thus crushed firefighter. Followed by the wall. Wall rarely appear completely collapse, in most cases is the wall decoration and wall section (cement, sand). If the flame along the wall from one window to another window, from the front, heating walls, embedded in the wall of granite plates prone to flaking off the sidewalk, fire officers and mass casualties. Once again is the ceiling. In the fire heat generated will make the ceiling of concrete structure water loss, aggregate expansion led to concrete spalling. The Empire State building in New York, a fire occurred in the ceiling, large chunks of fire cement fell to firefighters. Finally the ceiling. Metal wire that Sun system support of ceiling heating, the supporting structure of collapse, firemen probably wound in the support system. Risk from the ceiling is often not crushed, but immediately after the collapse of smoke, fire roasted.
4. close the top. For ceiling and floor space in between, we call it boring. It is often used to place the central air conditioning system with air duct and cables and wires. Fire extends to the stuffy when ignited these combustible roof insulation materials, flame spread along a ventilation pipes, so that the fire in the stuffy rapid spread in the roof. Burned after the collapse ceiling, fire officers are likely to be trapped in it.
5. floor layout. With the development of multifunctional building, its structure is more complex. A huge Atrium, promenade, bag-shaped corridor and complex room layout. Firefighters entered the scene can easily get lost so trapped in a fire. The first is a bag-shaped corridor. For a closed and only one road leads to the exit of the corridor, we call it a bag-shaped corridor. When a firefighter is filled with smoke of bag-shaped corridor, is likely to miss out on the road to exit doors are locked in the closed end. Followed by the room. In the dark or full of smoke environment, firefighters may in a complex pattern of disorientation in the room.
6, shaft. In high-rise buildings, many large shaft, such as the elevator shaft, luggage and mail channel, transfer road openings, smoke well, rubbish road, multi-purpose cable and pipe shaft. In General, the shaft extends to 20 ~ 30 floors high, although they have some security measures, such as railings, plaster walls, automatic doors and wood doors. However in the fire, these security measures are easily damaged and failure, fire officers in darkness or smoke-filled environment is easy to fall into the shaft and the life.
7. heat. In high-rise building fires, high-temperature closed environment will give firefighters brought a degree of harm. Although protective equipment to protect firefighters against the smoked fire at the moment, but these equipment prevents the body heat, the body heat more and more. At the same time as the equipment is very heavy, often accelerates heat accumulation. So in high-rise building fires often exhausting, or even collapse.
8, smoke. As a result of the use of decoration materials, building internal fire, will produce a lot of smoke. Smoke will by building up or down the shaft, high temperature flue gas will ignite combustibles. The spread of smoke in the process of gradually cooling, but still contain large amounts of toxic gases, fire fighters are still fatal.

(Ii) fire suppression process often takes measures to protect the
Because of the dangers of the mentioned above, fire officers in fire extinguishing process must take some protective measures.

1, in fighting the Highrise, normally not to break the glass to avoid the danger of glass fall. And mostThe window should strictly closed, only the use of specialized tools to open. But in some cases it can break Windows to exclude the smoke and heat, which is: (1) a block of high-rise buildings surrounding the whereabouts of the architectural structure of glass, such as balcony, concave Gallery; (2) glass can fall into the buildings adjacent to the top of the housing; (3) when the night or early morning pedestrian scarce, or blocked, preventing people from living streets entering danger area.
2. take the lift to the fire when it is important to note the following points: first, you must take the fire service lift; secondly to accurately locate fire layer, take the elevator to get to from the fire floor two-tier or two-layer above the floor; once again in the elevator shaft intact, you can use early in the fire, but be careful; finally if a fire occurs in the following 6 layer may not take the lift and walk up the stairs, it will be safer.
3, fire personnel in fire in the search, it is best to use a long Rod ceiling supported up to check whether the fire on the roof in the stuffy, avoid ceiling collapse. At the same time, which is full of smoke environment, wear a face mask, along the floor creeping slowly crawling, to avoid for flue gas poisoning, but want to prevent from the shaft in the fall.
4, in order not to get lost in the fire and into the dead zone, the firemen should do: usually need field surveys, view the design drawings, familiar with floor layout; fire fighting process take appropriate protection measures. If the two have a spring hook using the search string in the firefighters entered the scene before the end of the staircase handrails, look for fire points, you can continually put long search string. The task is completed, by the way along the rope press return, or signals other fire fighters and commanders to rush down the search string. ignition point
5. avoid the heat of the fire damage, to ensure maximum efficiency. Commanding officer must strictly control fire-fighting personnel at the scene of the residence time, the timely replacement or redeployment.


Reference documents
[1] the Ministry of Public Security Department: application of the fire, police tactics of education press 1998 Edition;
[2] Fung Man sensitive: the fire academic papers (part 2), the international cultural Verlag 2003 Edition;
[3] the Ministry: the fire-fighting and rescue of people's University Press, 2003 Edition.