Wednesday, December 29, 2010
【 Weak current College 】 high-rise building on the control of the Fireworks---Power By 【 China power house network 】
Genesis from the high-rise building fire, smoke damage and spread the basic principles, such as on high-rise building fire smoke control method for a review. Large fire accidents showed that smoke is hindering evacuation and fire-fighting operations, resulting in the death of one of the main reasons. In order to minimize the occurrence of high-rise building fire hazards, this article from the Highrise causes smoke harm and spread the basic principles, such as an overview of the high-rise building of several fire smoke control of high-rise building with a view to contributing to the design, construction, fire safety audit management and fire prevention.
Currently, high-rise buildings in the world to flourish, ascendant, has become a symbol of urban modernization degree. As the city of quantity of high-rise buildings, floors increased year by year more and more building, the fire risk of high-rise buildings are more prominent. The high-rise building fire, the smoke is hindering evacuation and fire-fighting operations, resulting in the death of one of the main reasons. Therefore, high-rise building fire smoke control, improve the capacity of the building against fire and security safety has become particularly important.
1 existence of high-rise buildings for fire safety problem analysis
Through nationwide in recent years 86 extremely large fire research, building fire occurrence, development and spread of inducing factor, not only fuel, combustion and to fire three elements of various form factors and conversion factors, but also to the building structure, fire load, fire alarm system, fire fighting equipment, fire, emergency and fire safety quality.
1.1 design deficiencies
A few years ago, some of the fire safety design of tall buildings has been caused by the designers, designers just simply according to the requirements of the architectural layout of the party, the idea to design, did not consider fire safety, and part of the architectural design without fire audit, acceptance is put into use, there are many security problems. While these issues after the form is extremely difficult to be rectified and solid disease, over and over again was the fire department listed as major fire risk, turn over and cannot put things right. Mainly in the following areas:
(1) does not set the automatic fire alarm systems and fire sprinkler system.
(2) interior decoration material does not comply with fire safety standards
(3) fire-resistant design does not meet the requirements.
(4) no smoke control system or the system useless.
1.2 fire audit checks to
Now, the Fire Department in building fire safety audit is still confronted with the "Storm".
1.2.1 "trilateral project"
Construction unit during construction, edge design edge construction, or even arbitrarily change the fire-fighting facilities.
1.2.2 "— handle project"
Top leaders decided to set in stone, what fire separation, fire channel, a setting called "leaders" are invalid under the authority, resulting in the building fire safety hazard.
1.2.3 edge construction edges and applying
Auditing is not passed, the project has been built over, resulting in failure to construction, there are inherent risks, if you want to meet fire safety requirements but to rebuild local knocked.
1.3 construction quality
Many high-rise building construction, fire protection engineering units for his bid is not fire qualification, will host other qualified units, while construction continues as the original class teams, resulting in poor quality construction. Some construction units also implicitly change the drawings, in construction and workmanship affecting building fire performance. Some fire hydrants, fire hoses, fire protection, plumbing, fire doors, fire shutter to poor quality inferior to act as a qualified product, to bring about major fire protection engineering.
1.4 fire management difficult
Modern high-rise buildings in fire-fighting facilities, generally have a tall building fire alarm system, automatic sprinkler systems, automatic smoke control systems, indoor and outdoor hydrant system, fire shutter operating system, there were gas automatic fire extinguishing system, rain or water system, automatic door system. While the current building fire managers work systems still continues the previous security personnel system. Not to mention how to go to scheduled maintenance, inspection and operation of various types of fire-fighting facilities, some managers even fire extinguisher is expired knows nothing of judge.
High-rise building management of another "hidden", is the leading fire safety awareness is weak, the weak performance in single use main building on the better, if two or more units of the total rent a high-rise building, building on their use, causing safety gate closure, the staircases blocked fire problems shirk long drag not resolved.
2 high-rise buildings fires hazards
High-rise building itself has a floor, fuel and electrical equipment, architectural features, the building personnel more features on "more", determines the high-rise building fires, smoke evacuated people died in the fire death more than "three"; the fire smoke toxicity, fire losses large "second"; fire smoke spread, spread fast, "fast"; the building evacuation, fire fighting hard for "difficult" fire characteristics. Therefore, after the fireworks of high-rise building fire control incorrectly may cause serious harm.
2.1 skyscraper fire spread speed
High-rise building in the logging road, such as stairs, Elevator, cable and pipe wells, is not very good control of the spread of fire and smoke can easily form the vertical effects of the "chimney", resulting in the spread of ways and speedFor fast, rapidly spread to higher floors.
2.2 high-rise building fire lasted for a long time
In high-rise buildings, equipment and components, the rapid fire extinguishing and long burn time, produce large amounts of toxic fumes. In a long time under high temperature, reinforced concrete elements and steel structure will vary according to the strength and stiffness of the destruction of a building, a total or partial collapse, causing serious property damage and casualties.
2.3 skyscraper evacuation difficult
High-rise building content that number, the vertical distance, coupled with the fire environment people panic and smoke toxicity, making evacuation became a much more difficult to solve.
2.4 high-rise building fire hazard area
Increasing the size of the modern cities, population, built-up, high-rise building itself spread way more Fireworks. Once the fire, the fire was very easy to spread to the neighboring building, resulting in "burning even camp". 1985 in Harbin, the winter, a high-rise building on fire, that time is in 8-level winds, the fire spread rapidly, affecting 5 Street, hundreds of houses were destroyed.
3 skyscraper fire smoke spread way
Fire smoke carry large amounts of heat can quickly through the various pipe shaft is full of whole building, high temperature smoke permeates, where fuel will cause a fire, to accelerate the spread of fire. Flue gas flow in high-rise buildings, the proliferation of three major ways: fire room a sidewalk a staircase a upper floors a fire in a room outside; exterior; fire room adjacent to the upper room a room.
Fire by a fire room spread out through the direct spread of fuel, heat conduction, convection and heat radiation expand and spread of fire, a lot of examples, the fire spread out from the room are the following ways:
3.1 interior doors
Building room fire, finally spread to the whole building, mostly because the wall Gates failed to put the fire out. Fire door through the corridor within and through the adjacent room open door into the room, and indoor fuel burning. Usually within even if none of the corridor of combustibles, strong heat flow and incomplete combustion products of diffusion, still can spread to distant room.
3.2 wall window
Indoor fire development to complete combustion phase, a large number of high temperature smoke, flame spray out of the window, it will burn out the upper window glass or directly through the open window caused the spread of fire upwards. Exterior window emission of high temperature smoke, flame, in addition to resulting in the spread between the buildings, the high-temperature flame heat radiation also adjacent buildings and other combustible.
3.3 holes on the floor, building of various pipe shaft
Due to the need of building features, there are many buildings in vertical wells road, and opening area, such as stairs and elevator shaft, pipes and cables well, rubbish wells, ventilation and smoke extraction wells road, etc. These shaft pipe and opening area through several floors or even an entire floor in building fires, it will have a chimney effect, causing the fire quickly spread up layers. Experimental measurements, high temperature flue gas vertical wells road up the speed of spread within 3 ~ 5m/s.
3.4 room partition wall
Room partition if combustible materials, or is non-burning, nonflammable materials, if the fire resistance performance difference, so the fire will be subjected to burn through the fire spreading to adjacent rooms.
3.5 across the floor, walls of pipelines and gap
Room fires indoor half is positive pressure state, will force the flame and heat flow through the pipeline by the Chamber floor and walls of any slot holes, the fire spread out. In addition, through the room-temperature metal pipeline in fires, sometimes due to heat conduction heat transfer to the adjacent rooms side, adjacent to the room caused by fire.
3.6 stuffy or Atrium
Because Fireworks is rising up, ceiling-mounted ceiling on the manhole, vents, etc are all pyrotechnics channeling people of holes. Close the top term often do not fire, space very big, very easy to make the fire spread horizontally and, through the holes in the roof close to the surrounded, following the spread of the room and in the spread of the process is not easy to find. Therefore, the stuffy high-rise buildings or the Atrium is the fire smoke spread of important channel vertically.
4 fire smoke control of high-rise building method
On high-rise buildings for fire and smoke control is very complex, on the one hand, to eliminate the buildings in the design, construction, inspection and use the management deficiencies, on the other hand to eliminate and associated persons and people and buildings constitute the system defects.
4.1 building fire safety technology solutions
Realization of the building fire safety, first from technical measures. According to the situation in China, building fire first based on the prevention of early fire, followed by fire control. At this stage, you can use the following security measures:
Set the automatic fire alarm systems, set fire sprinkler systems, internal decoration not ranhua, fire-resistant design, design for smoke control system, design fire stairs, design a tight barrier fire facilities, setting fire elevator and refuge.
4.2 building fire safety management measures
(1) the source of the good design, the architectural design of the qualification certificate, fire zhuanpian, since the Tribunal system.
(2) strict auditing gateway, implement fire safety system, and effectively improve leadership expertise level.
(3) YenCatch the construction management, construction personnel qualification and fire engineering construction supervision system, and strengthen the construction inspection.
(4) the strict management of late, the implementation of building fire facilities detection, signed the transfer and acceptance of construction engineering and fire protection, strengthening of management training and building fire facilities maintenance management.
5 set the smoke control system
Smoke control system settings are adopting certain measures or measures to control the building of the flue gas flow, will fire the smoke in the burning room and fire room where the smoke to be discharged in place, the area to prevent smoke diffusion to evacuation channels and other smoke area, to ensure that evacuation and rescue breathing for stairways and elevator smokeless fire.
5.1 smoke control way
5.1.1 smoke: ranhua smoke, smoke, smoke closed, pressurized smoke.
5.1.2 exhaust method
Natural smoke, smoke, including comprehensive way and negative pressure ventilation exhaust smoke.
5.2 natural smoke
Natural smoke is the role of the natural forces, fire smoke cannot be penetrated to smoke fire stairs and elevator. This way there is no mechanical ventilation, are not affected by power outages, simple, low cost. Although its effects are outdoor wind direction, wind speed, temperature and where the floors of impact is large, but if properly handled, can play a role in smoke. For a large number of high-rise housing, interior decoration is relatively simple, room small, retaining structure fire resistance rating of high buildings, natural smoke means basically to guarantee safety, savings for investment purposes, are also in line with the current reality of high-rise buildings. Common natural smoke control methods include the following:
By exterior construction of full open outdoor smoke staircases, with balcony or concave Gallery as open front room of smoke front staircase, use room ventilation exhaust staircase of smoke, do not rely on the exterior wall of smoke although relying on external staircase or cannot open the window of the front room of natural smoke, smoke extraction shaft is located in General and the shaft had wind.
5.3 mechanical smoke
Is the use of fan for mandatory smoke, it is not affected by the impact of outdoor weather conditions, exhaust gas stabilized effect but requires special ventilation equipment, reliable power accident, auto-control device, and set the specialist maintenance management. Therefore, the cost and maintenance costs are relatively high. But because of the flue duct is effectively a small space, especially when the stairs in front of the room does not rely on the exterior wall or rely on external walls are not turned on, this way are to be adopted.
5.3.1 mechanical smoke extraction
Smoke is considering personnel evacuation zone front room smoke should promptly. Current room at the same time equipped with exhaust system and air supply system, the front room of positive pressure air flow by both, than to guarantee and to adjust the good indoor air before or they will air and exhaust port location setting of the resulting flue gas is not smooth, but difficult to achieve the intended purpose of the exhaust gas.
5.3.2 mechanical pressurization smoke control
Mechanical pressurization smoke control is maintained smoke staircase and vestibule has enough pressure so that the fire caused smoke during cannot access stairs and on the basis of former rooms. Thus, during the fire, into the stairwell and the front room of a certain amount of air, gas excluded staircase and vestibule. This system is relatively simple, but the amount of wind, wind speed calculation must be detailed.
5.4 smoke staircase and vestibule remains positive pressure method
5.4.1 maintain positive pressure areas
From a security perspective, staircase and vestibule are required to maintain positive pressure. But to rely on external walls and Windows of the stairs, when a fire occurred, due to individual Windows open or glass damage, it will be difficult to maintain the required positive pressure values; when the first stairs up to the closure it is difficult to use when pressurized smoke, the two cases should not be taken to maintain positive pressure method.
5.4.2 maintained positive pressure value
Through domestic and international presentations and analyzing it, think in order to prevent flue gas intrusion and fire occurs, women were able to push open the door, stairs should maintain 50pa pressures; front room and fire the elevator room and combined with former room to keep about 25pa pressure more appropriate.
5.4.3 door is opened through the door of the wind speed value
For door is opened through the door of the wind speed value, according to our senior civil architecture design fire protection standard, recommended selection, the value is 0.7 ~ 1.2m/s.
5.4.4 the determination of the total air volume
Positive pressure mode of air should be in accordance with the door closed, keep the given positive pressure values (including through doors and Windows of gap and the amount of air leakage holes) and the door, keeping the door at a given air velocity value calculation of the required air flow, from both a larger value.
5.4.5 air supply system and air ways
Staircase and vestibule, fire the elevator room and combined with former room, positive pressure ventilation system should be separate settings. In order to make the stairs of pressure distribution, starting from the top of every 3-5 layer consists of an air, general use of a typhoon machine through shaft shaft on supply outlet or branch pipe of centralized air methods.
Large fire accidents showed that smoke is hindering evacuation and fire-fighting operations, resulting in the death of one of the main reasons. In order to minimize the occurrence of high-rise building fire hazards, this article from the Highrise Genesis, smoke productionHealth hazards and spread the basic principles, such as an overview of the high-rise building of several fire smoke control of high-rise building with a view to contributing to the design, construction, fire safety audit management and fire prevention.
【 Weak current College 】 fire fire emergency treatment standard operating regulations---Power By 【 China power house network 】
1.0 purpose
Specification of fire, fire-handlers and methods to ensure that the fire, the fire was timely and effective control and handling.
2.0 scope
Apply to the property management company area fire, fire, emergency treatment.
3.0 duties
3.1 managers responsible for supervising and checking the implementation of training, certification training and outreach training teachers.
3.2 Security Department is responsible for the formulation of annual training plan, and is responsible for specific organizations.
The Security Department is responsible for assisting 3.3 fire management organization to fight fire.
4.0 program Essentials
4.1 alert and confirm.
4.1.1 fire information. Fire information can be:
A) fire control centre receives the fire signals (including lighting, acoustics, fire host screen display);
B) security, law and order on-duty patrol unit and discovered the fire;
C) tenants of alarm.
4.1.2 fire information. Different sources of information under fire, fire information confirmation can be:
A) fire control center from the automatic warning devices to receive fire information system, you should immediately notify with radio/telephone and electrical maintenance department duty electrical (or near the security guard) to alert site to confirm that because of the automatic alarm system malfunction messages or someone breaking rules (such as a burning paper, construction, to probe smoke) alert, if it is a non-false positives, you should identify the causes, tracking the smog forecast sources confirm that should keep and fire control centre, and the report confirms the situation;
B) discovery of fire security guards should immediately rushed to the scene, which is covered by the fire, if the person is in violation of fire phenomena should be fire suppression; if so, then the fire, fire treatment methods for disposal.
C) household alarm. Company and any officer or Department received the alarm immediately using the most effective means of reporting the fire management centre and press fire, fire treatment methods for disposal.
4.2 fire, fire, principles and approaches.
4.2.1 fires, fire's principles:
A fire should) recognized in the first time to fire management centre and "119" desk alarm;
B) immediate fire, fire;
C) actively evacuate the households, where he was trapped workers;
D) inflammable rapid evacuation of fire and the adjacent premises;
E) try to salvage company property and household life and property safety principles.
4.2.2 fire, fire of disposal methods:
A) any employee found to fire the company should immediately nearby access to the rapid fire extinguishing equipment;
B) if there is fire, should one side call neighboring people control the fire, the fire management centre in charge of the call (team leader) and related personnel to fight;
C) to have access to the fire-fighting equipment should be the correct choice of fire extinguishers (according to material combustion) to avoid using the wrong fire extinguishers to temper comes alive;
D) if the engine room and electrical fire, you should first cut off the power, selection of "1211", powder and CO2 fire extinguishers and other fire department in a direct-injection, such as oil of electrical equipment (e.g. transformers, oil switch) is on fire, you can also use a dry dust cover fire, the fire extinguished, equipped with automatic fire-extinguishing device in place, direct opening of automatic fire extinguishing equipment casting agent fire suppression.
4.3 fire suppression and field control.
4.3.1 fire management centre according to formulate plans for the immediate organization of extinguishing fire and on site control, fire management centre supervisor should visit the command specific requests, as follows:
A) to "119" computer beep, and the only road leading to players;
B) to inform the Security Department emergency organizations wishing to be rushed to the scene of the fire, and traffic control perimeter surveillance;
C) to inform the security guards rushed to the scene immediately Organization for evacuation, rescue trapped people, rescue, fire-fighting; property
D) to inform the Department of mechanical and electrical maintenance electrician and disconnect the power supply, open the associated automatic fire fighting system, water pump, exhaust system guarantees the fire service;
E) fire management centre under the command of the head of a team leader to lead the firemen laying hose, cast fire, control the fire.
4.3.2 fire and impact area personnel evacuation:
A) public entertainment high-rise blocks fire control centre through the fire emergency broadcasting equipment, communication, fire, evacuation guide the masses;
B) security guard should make (floor) to inform the fire victims, household/customers; or evacuation guide tenants do evacuation preparedness;
C) public entertainment duty electrician in cut off power supply when opening of emergency lighting, fire department employees open all secure channel, boot household/consumer and orderly evacuation.
4.3.3 suppression:
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A) public entertainment and high-rise blocks fire control centre shall immediately proceed to operation while complying with the fire control system operation standard operating procedure "will fire unit elevator landing to the bottom for the firemen fighting;
B) extinguishing work should be organized, in police station officers did not arrive before the fire management centre managers or duties of officers shall be responsible for the command of the fire site and all staff take advantage of all fire-fighting equipment and equipment for rescue work;
C) public security fire brigade arrived later, fire management centre in charge of public security fire brigade commanders to report fires, transfer command, to organize company all combatants with fight fire.
4.3.4 traffic control and live and order maintenance:
A person in charge of the Security Department) fire site organization and command belongs to the fire site security guards on traffic control and site control
B) withdrawal or removal prevents fire or ambulance vehicle traffic;
C) stop and suppression-independent access to the fire scene or affected zone, to prevent the theft of goods in the fire;
D) custody was rescued by public or private property, before the fire fight is strictly forbidden any person;
E) protection of field use of fire equipment in normal use.
4.3.5 evacuation and transfer of materials:
A Security Department lead) belongs to the security guard to help settle, evacuation, assist in the delivery of fire was trapped or injured;
B) security guards should actively entering the scene of the fire, to withdraw from flammable, explosive substances, where public and private property.
4.4 fire fight after disposal.
4.4.1 fire management center managers and stakeholders should cooperate with the public security Fire Department on scene of the fire investigation analysis, assessment of fire damage, fill out the fire, fire incident report form ", organizations on firefighting plan for reliability and validity of the discussion, make changes if necessary.
4.4.2 Security Department should organize the security guard on the rescue of substance to confirm payment and transfer to the warehouse.
4.4.3 company leaders on the affected households, placebo and solve practical problems.
4.4.4 managers should convene to participate in the implementation of the fire extinguishing of fire departments, summing up the work experience and lessons learned.
4.4.5 mechanical and electrical maintenance department should fire equipment and facilities to carry out a check and an inventory of the damaged equipment facilities for repair or supplementary applications.
5.0 records
The fire, fire incident report form.
6.0 associated support files
6.1 fire system operation standard operating procedures ".
The firefighting plan standard 6.2 homework Statute.
【 Weak current College 】 Green Ocean Hotel fire linkage alarm system design example---Power By 【 China power house network 】
Summary: as the development of urban modernization, high-rise building more and more, due to the high-rise buildings have high building height, area, power equipment, electricity demand is high, the concentration, and other characteristics, which are made to the building's fire safety high demands, in view of this, I just from the automatic fire alarm and fire control system design, superficial table in individual design for such comments. Keywords: fire a high-rise building, the preamble since the development of urban modernization, high-rise building more and more, due to the high-rise buildings have high building height, area, power equipment, electricity demand is high, the concentration, and other characteristics, which are made to the building's fire safety high demands, in view of this, I just from the automatic fire alarm and fire control system design, superficial table in individual design for such comments. Second, project examples of green ocean hotel is located in Zhuhai city lovers road, the entire project from the main building and an annex building, ground floor to the garage, bowling, sauna room, a three-storey main building as in», restaurant, function rooms, etc. Four-layer above, 11 rooms. Annex building a water pumping station, power distribution room air conditioning room, etc. Second floor to the Executive Office, the staff dining room, dressing room. Three-layer sandwich for roof garden, for pipe layers, four-layer ~ 11 layer for rooms, day surface installed hot water boilers, air conditioning, cooling towers, exhaust fan, etc. High annex building construction height of 55 metres, with a total construction area 28000 square meters. 3. automatic fire alarm and fire control system design for emotion 1 automatic fire alarm and fire control system determines the design of the automatic fire alarm and fire control system, the first is clearly building itself features architectural features and functions, see the building's fire safety engineering design other professional facilities for electrical professional design requirements, and then under the relevant specification on building qualitative, determine the overall structure of the system. Under the high civil building design fire protection standard and the automatic fire alarm system design specifications ", the project for the second class of high-rise buildings, is the secondary fire alarm protection object. The building's fire alarm and fire control system uses a central alarm system, its basic structure block diagram. The automatic fire alarm and fire control system's basic duties: control centre on the detection loop for gauging, when a detection zone is on fire, the detector signal acquisition to the site and immediately put the signal back to the control center of the controller, the controller's judgement the signal, to confirm that the ignition, the controller then issued to the onsite fire sound and light alarm signal and fire emergency broadcast. Another important issue is the importance of effective through the linkage controller to need linkage issue execution of fire-fighting equipment, and cut off the non-signal fire power, eliminating the initial fire. 2 control centre of the composition, function, characteristics and control center located at the ground level. According to the specifications and control center for dual supply to ensure reliable power supply. Control centre main equipment for fire alarm control unit, multiple line fire linkage controller, bus fire linkage controller, fire telephone exchange, fire broadcasting equipment, fire power, self-powered, etc.
In the design, selection of fire alarm controller for ZA128K (H) Series intelligent Chinese fire alarm controller. From the principle, regardless of the area alarm controller or centralized alarm controller, all follow a pattern, which collects detection source signal → input modules → automatic monitoring unit → output unit. Fire alarm controller host part of the basic principles. Alarm controller from functions are divided into the input cell either detection system and output units both control system of two major parts. Fire alarm controller input unit, through the signal cable and probe circuit contact, it keeps on building each detection area for surveys, read site information, and data analysis, to determine if there is fire. From the working principle, ZA128K (H) the alarm is analog transmission-type distribution intelligent system, the host of smart and intelligent interfacing between detectors, also known as a fully intelligent system. The so-called fully intelligent system that is in the entire system, not only has the ability to probe analysis also has certain analysis capability that through their own analysis, and then put that information to the controller. The controller receives a detection circuit for information, for further analysis, processing, complete more complex sentences and displayed. Because of the detector using environment, use some time after the contaminated, inevitably had a false positive factors. To reduce or even avoid this situation, combined with intelligent sensors, controllers use a fuzzy control technology that enables automated testing, that is, the controller does not have a fixed alarm preset threshold, the system can send the detector circuit fire detection parameters analysis operation, automatic removal of environmental impact, and at the same time, the controller also has a store fire parameter variation curve function and with the field acquisition of fire detection parameters comparison, to determine whether the alarm. ZA128K (H) is no threshold analogue fire alarm controller. ZA128K (H) of the signal data transfer mode for the second bus system. Detection signal circuit for 4 to 32-way, according to the actual project's existing needs and develop easily increase or decrease capacity, maximum each circuit can be set to 256 detection addresses and 31 linkage module (linkage module without sounding address number) so that the entire system can monitor 8192 detection addresses, and output 992 control contacts. Under this construction, the layer of detection points, linkage points, automatic fire alarm control system gives 14 detection signal circuit, including annex building three, main building, 11. Each loop with capacity control in 80% ~ 85%, it has two advantages, for controllers run will be more stable, for building patterns in second decoration changes may result in detection of points increases, changes in the overall system. 3 detection loop detection circuit including detector, alarm buttons, fire hydrant indicator buttons, flow, pressure switches, etc. in the design of the selection of the smoke detector is an intelligent smoke detector, itThe point type photoelectric reduced light detector, it and the previous switches and analog detectors. Previous detector based solely on whether parametric probe detection reaches a certain threshold to determine whether the alarm, the role of the trigger, and intelligent smoke detector is based on the new MCU appear a new intelligent probe, the probe has a built-in microcontroller, scene parameters collection capacity, and no longer play the role of the trigger, but a fire phenomenon directly proportional to the measured value, available to the controller of fires, discrimination, thereby reducing the error rate with self-diagnose feature allows applications to different alerts at any time modify the detector sensitivity threshold, photoelectric detector without the presence of radioactive elements and therefore eliminate the measurement of radiation leakage, exploration of the human body damage and pollution of the environment, it is an environment-friendly products. In the company's thermal detectors are point-and-temperature heat detector, when fire detection area air temperature when it reaches a certain temperature, the alarm signal to the controller, it is not an intelligent probes. Manual alarm button to fire alarm system is complementary to the detector. Mainly used when the automatic fire alarm system failure, the use of artificial Manual alarm mode to fire a fire control rooms, al. Design main settings in each floor entrances and obvious location height 1 5 metres, and meet in a fire in any location to the adjacent hand, button's walking distance not greater than 25 m. (The civil construction electrical design code JGJ/T16-92 of 24.5.4.1 requirement is not greater than 25 m and the automatic fire alarm system standard "GB50116-98 8.3.1 request to not greater than 30 meters, designed by former). In the company's Manual alarm button for manual alarm and other similar products are the same. But Lida products ZA2000DH coding manual alarm button comes with a phone interface to meet the automatic fire alarm system design specifications "described in section 5.6.3.2 alarm button to set the phone jack. 4 fire broadcasting systems and alarms of this building set bus system fire broadcasting system, route 8 line including the signal line, linkage, power cord, background broadcast line, the incident radio line usually used for regular radio, fire (even other accidents accident), the control centre of the output unit by the signal line related sound and light alarm driver modules or bus fire radio module ZA6804 issued a directive as a fire in the basement, connected underground floors and first floor. first floor and second floor with a large space should also be connected to the second floor; if the first floor there is a fire, you should reach this layer, Layer II and underground floors; such as second-tier or two above there is a fire, you should put through the fire and its adjacent to and below, to help field personnel evacuation. Design Institute in main tiers aisle, elevator before outdoor, Hall, underground garage, main equipment room, set a ceiling-mounted speakers or to meet in a fire in any position to the nearby speaker walking distance not greater than 25 m requirements according to the building of the pattern on each floor a certain number of bus fire radio module ZA6804, layers of speakers subregional control. annex building four, five, six-storey room bedside radio switch, through the layer of ZA6807 sound and light alarm drive modules. each alarm zone speaker basically sharing of a driver module control, each floor-room bedside radio, sharing a driver module control. in doing so, one can reduce the number of control module, reducing the layer broadcast system of plane wiring elements; the second control center control for convenience, when you need to make the alarm zone alarm, as long as the linkage control a module will be reached by background sound switch to accident the purpose of broadcasting, while reducing the workload Control Center host software. To ensure that the fire alarm and fire alarm signal sent region, the design of the automatic fire alarm and fire control system in addition to setting fire emergency broadcast system, also in the alarm key channel and export, staircase, elevator and manual alarm button and fire hydrant next to the button, set a certain amount of fire alarm equipment, such as electric Bell optical alarm, etc. Various alarm zone alarm basic also share a ZA6807 sound and light alarm control driver module. 5 fire telephone system fire telephone system for multiple wire fire telephone system. Its core is a multiple-line ZA8000 fire phone hosts, according to the number of engineering needs to determine the capacity of the host. In accordance with the specifications, design in the fire pump room and generator room, the transformer substation, the main ventilation and air conditioning room, elevator machine room, wired, control centre set up fire telephone extension; in various layers of manual alarm button office telephone jack. The control center telephone exchange to radiation-wiring, to fire telephone extension and the phone jack. Fire private telephone exchange and telephone extension or a call between the phone jack is through the line to the independent routing and separate fire communication network. As the surface layer above the layer's layer area is not very large, depending on the architecture of the pattern part of the phone jack with a telephone circuit. Control Center Tel host capacity requirements to greater than 40 road, the final selection of the host route with a capacity of 60. 6 fire control system for fire control system is the aforementioned control center output unit, is it to fire-fighting equipment, non-fire equipment control signal is on fire after the confirmation of the processing unit. Fire control system, this function determines its reliability is of considerable importance is directly related to the reliability of the fire-fighting work is quite important, directly related to the work of the fire-fighting work. The design of fire control system is the bus system linkage system and much line system interfacing of linkage control and system, on the fire upon confirmation from them according to the flow indicators, pressure switch, fire hydrant button action starting equipment located in the basement room related fire pump, startup located in the main building day face two, skirt the roof of a positive-pressure blowers, start a fire alarm equipment, switch, landing all elevator broadcast, control all smoke and exhaust blower, cut off the non-fire-fighting equipment, power distribution box, stopping the relevant range of air conditioning fan and rushed, exhaust airMachine and so on a series of fire protection measures. Whether bus linkage system or multiple line linkage system, the design must be and each linkage device a second line of design, this is very important. The actual design process, in accordance with the relevant specifications, according to each control devices electrically controlled box second line, first consider the device control requires control centre issued a few commands, returns to the control center; several State and then meet the above requirements for control module. In fire control indoor also sets bus linkage control disk and much line linkage control tray, can some important device logic automated linkage control, you can also manually manipulate both one-on-one and intuitive control actions, and you can control the plate directly reflect the real-time status of the work equipment. Each linkage equipment in place are set manual operation button in case the fire control centre operation breakdown and other unexpected situations occur, an in-place still to be effective on the linkage between devices.
【 Weak current College 】 public entertainment fire prevention---Power By 【 China power house network 】
Public entertainment of fire prevention
Chapter public entertainment of fire prevention
As China's economic development, market economic prosperity and a general increase in living standards, people began to pay attention to the quality of life, using public holidays to entertainment vacation, entertainment and more, contributed to our public casino facilities. According to the Ministry of public security, public entertainment fire safety management regulations ", public entertainment mainly includes the following five broad categories:
1. cinema, such as ring, Auditorium, Orchestra, show venues;
2. the dance halls, karaoke and dance entertainment, Office, etc.;
3. have the entertainment function of nightclubs, music Cafe and catering establishments;
4. Entertainment, amusement and other public entertainment, etc.;
5. the bowling alley, rink, sauna, fitness, leisure business.
These places are characterized by complex architectural features, sociality, concentration, in the event of fire, causing heavy casualties and significant property damage.
The first section of public entertainment of fire risk
First, the interior decoration, decoration with large amounts of combustible material
Public entertainment, the fire load of combustibles. If some theaters, halls of wooden roof construction widget is a widget or steel structures; the stage curtain and wood flooring is combustible, props, scenery, the highest concentration of combustibles; audience Hall of the ceiling and walls in order to meet the acoustical design of sound effects, most of the combustible materials. Dance halls, karaoke Hall, nightclubs, entertainment, decoration, is very luxurious, large quantities of wood, plastic, fiber textiles and other combustible material, fire load increase significantly, increasing the probability of fire and damage.
Second, electrical equipment, the fire source, difficult to control
Public entertainment generally use a variety of lighting and sound equipment, and the number and power, if used incorrectly, it is easy to cause local overload and short circuit, and cause a fire. Some lamp surface temperature is high, such as tungsten iodine lamp quartz lamp surface temperature up to 500 ¡æ —
III. concentration, evacuation difficult, easy causing casualties
Staff gather public entertainment, in the event of fire, evacuation is very difficult. Even a small fire, will lead to panics, rushed out to escape, overcrowding, lack of timely evacuation of casualties caused by the accident.
Dance halls, karaoke rooms, and other entertainment venues, is different from a theater, a large customer of arbitrariness, sometimes staff relative concentration, the density is very high, Charlestown, in the event of fire, overcrowded, disorder, if evacuation channels are not clear, it is easy to result a large number of casualties. Such as: ABP art and dance halls, the authorized officer should be 140 people,
IV. fire spread rapidly, fighting hard
Public entertainment, dance halls, theatres, halls, etc. in case of fire, because building span, space, ventilation, fire was developing rapidly. It is easy to result the housing collapse, often to the fighting has caused great difficulties.
The second section of the main public entertainment fire protection requirements
Under the FPPA People's Republic of China and the Ministry of public security, public entertainment fire safety management regulations ", where new and reconstructed, expansion or change the internal decoration of public entertainment, the fire protection design (including fire partitions, security, evacuation, smoke, fire and water, decoration materials, automatic fire extinguishing systems and fire alarm systems, etc.) must comply with the national technical specifications relating to the fire. Construction unit should be fire-resistant design, decoration drawing sent to local fire agencies audit, audited agreed before construction; in use or pre-opening, shall declare to the local public security fire agencies, the fire safety inspection, and may be used or opened.
First, the setting of public entertainment
(A) sets the position, the fire separation, fire resistance ratings
Public entertainment should not be set in the heritage of ancient buildings, museums, library building, adjacent to the major warehouses or dangerous goods in the warehouse. Shall, in a residential building into public entertainment. In public places of entertainment of the above, below, or near the location, layout of fuel, gas boiler room and oil-immersed power transformer room.
Public entertainment in construction, and other structures in maintained certain fire separation, General and nail, CPI production plant, warehouse should have not less than
(Ii) fire safety separator
In architectural design, consideration should be given the necessary fire technical measures: Theatre, building stage and Auditorium, should be not less than the fire resistance of noncombustible Stope 3.5h, upper estuary of the stage and Auditorium bore between the top of partition, use the fire resistance rating of not less than the non-combustibility, 1.5h partition on the door should be class b fire door; movie review rooms (including volume room) application of the fire resistance of not less than 1h noncombustible Stope and separated from other parts of the observation hole and show hole should be set to fire Gate; Theatre background of assisted housing and stage, should be used between the fire resistance of not less than 1.5h noncombustible walls separated; the stage following lighting operation room and fuel storage, application of the fire resistance is not lower than 1h of noncombustible walls and other parts of the body.
For more than 1500-seat theater and more than 2000-seat Hall, Auditorium, stage, and the stage is connected to the side of the bed, the background of the window and door openings, should set the water curtain separated. For more than 1500-seat theatre and more than 2000-seat Hall stage up lower and a building area of more than
Public entertainment and other construction phase of the adjoining or attached in other buildings, shall be independent of fire partition settings. Building of public entertainment and residential security exports should separate settings.
(3) public entertainment in interior design and construction, you must comply with the construction interior trim design fire protection standard.
(4) in the underground buildings set public entertainment venues in addition to complying with the fire technical specifications, you should meet the following requirements:
1. the only permitted in the basement;
2. export to ground security should not be less than two, each stair width should comply with the relevant architectural design fire protection standard;
3. it should be set up mechanical smoke facilities;
4. it should be set up automatic fire alarm systems and automatic sprinkler systems;
5. strictly prohibited the use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
Second, public entertainment of evacuation
(A) exit and entrance requirements
1. public entertainment audience Hall, ballroom of the evacuation, passengers should be based on the export situation, the number of reasonable settings should not be less than two, and each security export number average evacuation should not exceed 250 people, when the capacity of more than 2000 people, its excess per export average evacuation not more than 400 people.
2. public entertainment audience Hall entry doors, emergency exit should not set the threshold, it should not be less than
3. in order to ensure the safe evacuation, public entertainment the width of the outdoor evacuation lanes should be not less than
(Ii) the evacuation of the aisle arrangement
In the layout of public entertainment audience Hall aisles of evacuation, cross the aisle between the seats should not be more than 20 rows. drain Longitudinal aisles between the number of seats per row of not more than 22, rear seat is currently not less than
(3) emergency lighting
1. the export in safety and evacuation of aisles, you should set the necessary emergency lighting and evacuation signs to guide visitors along the fire light evacuation signage smooth evacuation. Evacuation of emergency lighting, the minimum illuminance should not be lower than 0.5LX. Lighting life must not be less than the 20min.
2. emergency lighting in the wall or ceiling yishe, evacuation signage yishe in PTB top and evacuation of the aisle and corner margin
3. fire-fighting facilities and equipment set
Public entertainment fires spread quickly, and fighting difficult, therefore, must be equipped with fire-fighting equipment and fire-fighting facilities. According to the national fire technical specification provides for more than 800-seat theatre, cinemas, clubs and more than 1200-seat auditorium, you should set the hydrant.
In order to ensure timely and effective control of the fire, the seat more than 1500 theatres and seat more than 2000 of the synagogue or auditorium, the audience Hall, stage upper (roofs using a metal component), dressing room, props room, storage room, lounges, etc should set closed sprinkler equipment.
Indoor hydrant, should generally be arranged in theatre, Auditorium and movie review rooms, and other key sites, and should be set in striking ease of access. In addition, the review rooms (including volume room), power distribution unit, storage room, stage, sound manipulation, and other key parts of the body, should be equipped with the necessary fire extinguishers.
Set in the comprehensive building of public entertainment, the fire-fighting equipment of facilities and equipment, should be consistent with the national fire technical specifications on the comprehensive building of fire safety requirements.
Fourth, public entertainment fire safety management
1. public entertainment should be the legal representative or the person primarily responsible in determining a unit responsible for fire safety, fire safety in this unit is responsible for the work. And to the local police and fire agencies of record.
2. public entertainment property owners and other units, individual leasing, Contracting, etc occurs, public entertainment fire safety by the operators responsible.
3. public entertainment in business, you must ensure the safe evacuation of export and unobstructed, is strictly prohibited to secure export locked, blocking.
4. public entertainment in business time shall not exceed the number of ratings.
5. public entertainment must strengthen the electrical fire safety management, timely and eliminate fire hazards, no overload for electricity, will be allowed to pull temporary wires.
6. is strictly forbidden in public entertainment business for equipment maintenance, electric welding, paint painting, construction, maintenance jobs.
7. public entertainment premises is strictly into and storage of flammable or explosive substances.
8. public entertainment should follow the construction of fire extinguishers configuration design specifications "equipped with fire-fighting equipment, set the alarm calls, regular maintenance to ensure fire protection facilities, equipment intact and valid.
9. public entertainment should develop the use of fire power management system, development of emergency evacuation plan. In business since the end of the period and place of business, you should specify specially assigned for security inspection. Particular attention to any legacy cigarette fires, confirm the safety, cut off the power.
10. public entertainment should establish full fire safety responsibility system, all staff should be familiar with the necessary fire safety knowledge that will be reported to the fire-extinguishing equipment is used, will organize evacuation. New staff induction before fire safety training must be conducted.
11. karaoke Hall and rooms, you should set the alert sounds or images, and ensure that the fire broke out at an early stage, the karaoke room screen, audio, broadcast the fire alarm, boot evacuation.
【 Weak current College 】 national grain warehouse fire safety management pilot---Power By 【 China power house network 】
【 Timeliness 】 effective
【 Statute name】 national grain warehouse fire safety management pilot
【 Regulatory classification 】 commercial
【 Promulgated sector 】 commerce
【 Promulgation date 】 19881228
【 Implementation date 】 19890501
【 Body 】 (88), storage (grain) Word no. 16 national grain warehouse fire safety management trial measures to strengthen the grain warehouse (hereinafter referred to as granary) fire safety management, the protection of workers ' safety, grain and under the People's Republic of China Fire Protection Ordinance. Article 2: this method applies to national grain Depot. Grain and oil-processing plants, grain by grain station and tube, the unit can reference food reserves. Article 3 the granary fire safety work must implement the "prevention, anti-binding" approach, establishing a sound post responsibility system, insisting that "whoever is in charge, who is responsible for" principle, the business accepted competent Department and local fire departments of supervision and guidance. 4 new and reconstructed and extended grain storage, you must follow the architectural design fire protection standard of design and construction. Article 5, the Director of the unit for the grain Depot fire officials, the library is responsible for fire safety work. The main duties of the fire is responsible for: (a) the obligation established in accordance with the needs of the masses, fire organizations a full-time or part-time staff conduct regular fire safety, training and exercise requirements shall be allocated in accordance with the relevant provisions; (ii) developing fire post responsibility system and emergency relief of specific programmes; (iii) to carry out fire safety education workers, regular evaluation, new employees and professionals to do the first training after induction; (iv) is responsible for day-to-day work, grain Depot fire fire safety check on a regular basis. Article 6 of the grain and grain storage and processing zone area, Office area to life. Food reserves in the region non-smoking, the use of fire, no Fireworks, firecrackers and to establish clear fire signs. Area within the required flame job must be done by fire and approval procedures, approved by the head of the library fire and take the appropriate measures for fire-fighting before. 7 No person shall be kept away from flammable, explosive materials into granary; indeed, because of work needs to be agreed by the heads of grain Depot fire and take strict precautions to prevent accidents from occurring. 8 area within the tall buildings to have lightning. Silos, grain drying workshop, machining workshop, feed processing workshop, etc. to prevent dust removal and installation configuration of dust explosion safety devices. 9 grain storage barns, oil tank (pool) and outdoor enclosures, crib around, no storage of flammable, explosive materials. Grain drying workshop near forbidden scaffolding, do bin; on the need for drying grain, into the machine to remove impurities, after drying after cooling can save tunduo. A variety of shehuo (meal) and cotton seed treatment after cooling to stacking storage, storage stack to have ventilation measures to prevent high-temperature oxidation. Barns, oil tank (pool) and outdoor enclosures, stack should be kept between the necessary fire separation, fire trucks channel remains unobstructed. 10 food fumigation job, to have a good fire-fighting equipment and alarm devices, and in strict accordance with the technical specifications for the storage of grain and oil (for trial implementation) "relevant provisions cast products, ready to fire prevention. Article 11 of the electrical equipment and grain storage to manage by hand, by the holder of the certificate of the electrical trade sector electrical installation and maintenance. The installation of electrical warehouse to seal type explosion-proof equipment. Electrical equipment should be regular safety inspection, each year, not less than two times. If it is discovered that the hidden danger should immediately stop using, rapid repairs. Warehousing machinery use management, according to the national grain Warehouse warehousing machinery management measures "of the relevant regulations. Article 12 grain Depot to establish around-the-clock, night patrols and holidays leadership training system. Grain product acquisitions into the season, according to the local reality, work to enhance fire safety. Article 13, in accordance with the national grain and oilseeds warehouse fire apparatus equipped with table "(see annex), together with foot fire equipment. Article 14 grain Depot fire equipment to be in service management, regular inspection and maintenance remain intact for later use. Fire fighting equipment to be kept in fixed locations, it must not be diverted. A frozen region, in the freezing cold for fear before the advent of fire equipment devices take measures antifreeze. Article 15 the granary in the fire safety inspection of fire hazards found in the designated officer, limited time, take effective measures to eliminate. 1 difficult to solve problems in a timely reporting, to take precautions to ensure security. Article 16 the fire occurred, to monitor police, fire officials or the leadership should be quickly organized forces are fighting to minimize the loss, under any pretext to delay where relying on timing. Article 17 on the granary fire accident, in accordance with the national grain warehouse management approach ", report to the competent Department quickly. At the same time according to the "three persistences" (the cause of the accident, the liability of innumerable hounded, accident responsibility and people were not affected by the education left off, no preventive measures are not spared the) principle, seriously, seriously. Article 18 on the fire safety work achievement of units and personnel, the competent department or unit should be given to recognition and reward. Breach of article 19 of the regulations and this way to fire, or ignore the fire of fire units and personnel from the competent department or work unit, depending on the seriousness given to administrative sanctions or financial penalties; breaches, should be brought to Justice Department investigate its criminal responsibility. Article 20 of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Food Administration, under this approach, combined with local realities, the formulation of specific provisions. Article 21: these measures with effect from 1 May 1989.
【 Weak current College 】 Ministry of public security fire on strengthening work notice---Power By 【 China power house network 】
【 Timeliness 】 effective
【 Statute name】 Ministry of public security fire on strengthening work notice
【 Regulatory classification 】 public security
【 Promulgated sector 】 Ministry of public security
【 Promulgation date 】 19870714
【 Implementation date 】 19870714
【 Body 】 [87] public (ARC)-Word 67, Ministry of public security fire on strengthening work notice (July 14, 1987) in large forest fires gave us one of the public security organs of the lesson is to strengthen the fire protection supervision. In recent years, the public security organs at all levels of fire supervision is a performance, to prevent the fire from occurring, reducing fire losses played a considerable role. But there also exist many problems, some leaders of the public security organs on fire supervision and inadequate understanding of the importance of the work, pay attention to the lack of enough, grasp, not fire supervision on the proper position, push the implementation of the fire statute is not firm and rectification measures no hidden danger of the end, to the letter, runaway phenomenon leaking pipes, fire incident investigation is not serious, this is the fire in particular large fires repeatedly occur an important reason. According to statistics, in January-June, the national fire 18 778, burned to death 1 500 24 people, burn 2 345, direct economic loss of $ 8 $ 174 million (including daxing'anling forest fires caused by residential fire losses over $ 500 million), compared to the same period last year, economic losses has increased by three-point three times. Currently, the departments are implementing the State Council on the da big forest fire accident treatment decisions, and the State Council on strengthening security and production management of emergency notification on the spirit, all levels of the public security organs in order to take advantage of this opportunity to overcome bureaucracy, positive measures to strengthen the fire protection and fire prevention. First, to improve on fire supervision working understanding of the importance of the work, high on their agenda and strengthening the leadership. For this area of fire safety with respect to major issues, and actively with the relevant departments to resolve, or resolve reported comments of the Government, at the corresponding level or upper shirk is not allowed. Where some of the major threatening global fire danger and fire incidents occur, public authorities have to visit the leaders on the front line identification, to urge the rectification, proper disposal. II. in-depth enterprise or institution to conduct supervision and inspection of fire protection, urge elimination of fire risk, full of fire. Currently, the public security organs at all levels is to emphasis what fire safety inspections. The local Party Committee and Government under the leadership of a unified, with the relevant departments of the region very prone to serious fire, explosion of key units as well as the work is weak, the possible problems of regions and areas, an intensive fire safety check. Focused on questioning thoughts, investigation system, check the measures implemented, exclusion, examining fire danger, loopholes. On the existence of particularly dangerous fire hazard and accident causes symptoms, in identifying and clarifying the responsibility of the Party Committee and Government and the competent Department report, and proposed rectification advice deadline solutions to ensure safety; to deny the rectification, to follow the People's Republic of China fire Ordinance and the public security Ordinance. Strict implementation of oversight, not only over the fire, the notice does not eliminate hidden dangers, work does not stop. Of course also to note from reality, to strict reasonable, in compliance with the science. At the same time, in conjunction with the key unit and Department of fire-rescue plan carefully, including the Organization of command, implement fire fighting, rescue and evacuation supplies and reinforcements for leveling and so on, must have a concrete plan and achieve the Pro fit, increase the efficiency of the fire. Third, in strict accordance with the processing of fire. Over on the purposes, especially since this year the handling of major fires, to conduct a thorough inventory. For administrative purposes should be dealt with without processing or treatment of partial light, to urge the Department dealt with seriously; for those violating the perpetrators and dereliction of duty, guilty of dereliction of duty, irrespective of what people have to be investigated for criminal liability must not be pampering. To cause major fires, police departments, fire supervision there is breach of, or failure due to fire, causing significant loss must also deal with liability, to educate the masses of cadres, to strictly enforce the law, the improvement of the work. 4. substantial fire supervision, strengthening fire business guidance. All levels of the public security organs must adhere to the "prevention, suppression and fire work policy", in human, financial, material and work plan of arrangement, it is necessary to highlight focus on fire supervision. To the spirit of "thin body, enriching the grass-roots" principle, in the existing posts within the appropriate adjustments, some experienced, technically cadres into frontline fire supervision, in order to enhance the capacity of grassroots fire supervision. At the same time, we must continue to promote fire three-level summary of management experience, a clear provincial, municipal, County and city, district, police station and three-level management competence, prevent uncontrolled leaking pipes. County and city authorities to strengthen the implementation of the fire station operational guidance. For a fire in a number of practical difficulties, such as the lack of professional and technical personnel, inadequate funding, backward, to report to the Government, at the request addressed to progressively increase with fire fighting capability. July 14, 1987
【 Weak current College 】 underground shopping arcade fire hazards and prevention of
With social progress, in order to ease the city increasingly serious shortage of land. Thus the underground building became a major mitigation methods, underground shopping centre in the development and use of underground space in occupies an important position because of its structure, and other factors, which will inevitably result in internal if the disaster than other disasters more dangerous. In particular, where a large number of people belonging to the activities of commercial space, if there is no security protection in the event of fire, in a big way. Here's a few on the underground shopping arcade fire hazards and prevention of opinions.
(A) underground shopping arcade fire risk analysis
One is the evacuation difficult. Underground shopping arcade fire, there will be lots of people are threatened. If a fire occurs in the business, a large number of customers and managers require evacuation, rescue. Due to environmental constraints, underground store entrances, evacuation distance long, trapped workers only through qualified importers for evacuation. And in the underground shopping arcades, the amount of natural light is very small, or even no, basically using the lighting, the Interior of visibility is very poor. But in the fire, in order to prevent the spread of fire, often to cut off the power, which will soon reach forces'prime degree, this is seriously impeded the evacuation of persons. Therefore, underground shopping arcade fire, resulting in the possibility of a large number of casualties.
Second, the resulting flue gas, toxic. Underground shopping arcade fire, the combustion of oxygen is connected with the ground and its vulnerability to vent. These channel area of narrow, oxygen supply is insufficient, it is in a State of incomplete combustion, resulting in a considerable number of smoke, because the air supply is insufficient, smoldering time length, easy to produce large quantities of CO, H2S, toxic gas, while at the same time, the sealing of underground construction to row to outdoor direct threat to the internal personnel and participate in the rescue personnel security.
Third, the fire spread rapidly, the probability is high. First, power consumption, as mentioned earlier, underground store lighting and ventilation, etc. all depend on electricity, but for now the domestic market, wires, cables, electrical equipment, part of a great many are conforming products. Second, personnel, personnel flow too much too complex, but also make random fire factors increase. For example, smokers throw cigarette butts were more direct cause of the fire. Besides shopping content easy to produce a large number of minor garbage, Ming General will be faster, but those in hidden corners of garbage is often not be aware that some of the fire was caused by such waste. Third, space, fuel. Underground shopping centre is a great overall, merchandise display, plus most of the combustible decoration materials are combustible materials, in the event of fire, which spread rapidly to disaster.
Fourth, the high temperature will cause damage to buildings, affecting evacuated. Because of the underground market fuel, fire load, fire hot smoke is very difficult to discharge, internal temperature rise fast, very easy to produce "the bomb". And fuel, "bump" the greater the probability of occurrence, the shorter the time, the heat will be on building and fire damage segmenting more, resulting in the building to collapse, causing a fire spreading shortening evacuation time allowed.
Five is a fire hazard. Large underground shopping mall, lighting, ventilation, etc. all depend on electricity. The underground construction Interior wet, easy to speed up the various electrical equipment insulation ageing. Ventilation and cause the counter in the spotlight, and other local baking heat to circulate easily Cook-off.
Sixth, fire suppression is difficult to escape the difficulties. Underground shopping centre, once on fire, the fire cannot be directly observed fire location and circumstances of the specific, and only via underground buildings set out entrance, often at the risk of smoke into it, coupled with poor lighting conditions, not fast approaching fire location;
(2) the fire safety of underground shopping centre and the reasons
Today most of the underground market deficiencies, evacuation export quantity or evacuation distance, fire-fighting is not in place or lack of maintenance, building the capacity of oneselk.
I. awareness of fire safety is not strong. Without the consent of the public security fire agencies audit without alteration, improvement or change the nature of the phenomenon is also used frequently occur, coupled with the existence of such places are mostly fire compartment Super area, safe export insufficient, evacuation distance too long, fire-fighting facilities are not in place, "" three in one "and other issues, difficult to fire prevention.
Second, fire-fighting facilities, fire-fighting facilities maintenance of mismanagement. Some units are too focused on economic benefits at the expense of the fire safety, according to the construction specifications set a fixed fire protection system, even if set up, in order to increase the use of area, the fire-fighting facilities occupy in rooms or shops and affect the normal use. Some units will fire after the acceptance of relaxed on fire-fighting facilities maintenance, maintenance, equipment components aging and damage cannot be detected.
III. Management on weak fire management. Although underground shopping malls are generally developed a fire safety system, but in fact many sites management is still not in place, the system useless, inadequate measures. From the survey, smoker, pull out the wire, illegal use received high-power electrical, fire-fighting facilities occupy, plug, or fire channel.
IV. fire supervision backward. In-fighting and rescue equipment, fire laws of development, but fire supervision work methods and techniques also very backward, and information technology on fire supervision has not yet been formed in the field of application of the system, fire supervision information cannot implement multiple departments resources sharing, fire risk analysis and statistical data is not perfect, check the lack of the necessary technical means and equipment. Fire inspection results can only give a qualitative conclusions, lack of effective fire protection law enforcement pursuant to quantify. The original technology of fire supervision work and society has had a gap between the actual requirements. For example: underground shopping centre, natural lighting, therefore a large number of electrical appliances in use, because of the underground construction Interior wet, easy to speed up the various electrical equipment insulation of aging, but fire oversight bodies inChecks, the lack of technical equipment, not on electrical circuits effective testing, resulting in fire prevention by proactively into passive.
(Iii) prevention of fires in underground shopping center
For underground commercial space for special environmental conditions for the fire protection design, the first is focused on preventative and does not make the disaster occurred. Followed by the disaster and disaster for effective control. Therefore, a large underground commercial space of fire should do the following: to prevent the occurrence of fire; the fire, police and alerts; ensure that all staff in the spread of fire and smoke flow diffusion before orderly evacuation, withdrawal of underground space; the fastest fight fire, put the material losses reduced to a minimum.
I. safe evacuation. Underground shopping arcade, personnel are crowded, the event fires, the danger is great, the underground market structure is very special, generally do not have to open the doors and Windows, you cannot effectively exclude smoke, in addition, exit, causing the evacuation of difficulties. Therefore, underground shopping centre evacuation is a grave situation must be high priority. First of all they should strictly control the security for export and evacuation channels of construction and decoration design. Flame, smoke and high temperature is underground shopping arcade fire threatening the security of the three elements. Second, combined with the characteristics of underground shopping mall, for evacuation road pass its repair material combustibility rank should be A level. Once again to set the navigability facilities and emergency lighting.
Second, the design of the smoke. Local fire resistance, shopping centres, a large amount of toxic fumes in the limited space spread indiscriminately, extremely easy to cause a lot of death, therefore, on the underground shopping centre of smoke control system design is more important.
3. strict partition. In order to prevent fire spreading underground shopping mall, reducing fire losses, fire suppression, underground shopping center should be reasonably set fire zones and smoke partition.
IV. internal decoration design difficult ranhua. Prevent fire is fire safety, the first thing to do, to this end, in the underground store interior design should be possible to require difficult ranhua interior use nonflammable material, is strictly prohibited the use of combustible materials. Therefore, in underground construction interior trim design, you should strictly follow the implementation of the construction interior trim design fire protection standard, the good material.
5. ensure that building fire resistance rating. Underground shopping arcade fire resistance ratings and various parts of the fire resistance of building elements should meet the requirements of level ground building fire classification standard, in the fire to maintain the stability of the structure, to prevent fire caused serious deformation and structure, to prevent the spread of fire. In particular the martensii fire resistance of building elements indicators should be met specifications.
6. set automatic fire alarm installations. In order to fire can do early detection, early warning, timely fighting to reduce State and people's lives and property damage, protect the safety of underground engineering. According to the underground shopping centre space big architectural features, using the control center and alarm device, it will not only on large, multiple-zone fire alarm monitoring and control, while also automatically starts the fire broadcasting, while also automatically starts the fire radio, fire lighting and a variety of separate components and automatic fire-extinguishing equipment.
Only by continuously exploring the various methods of disposal of accident in order to progress to improve force fighting to ensure that the fire-fighting and rescue as the center of all work smoothly, as the party's "17" was held to create a good fire safety environment, in order to make more socialism.
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