【 Weak current College 】 automatic fire alarm system and linkage control device distribution requirements and routing features

First, the system power supply

1, automatic fire alarm system of main power to the load according to the first or second class. Because the installation of automatic fire alarm system places are important buildings or places, automatic fire alarm system such as timely, correct alarm, you can make people's lives and property protected or less affected by losses. Therefore requires its main power of high reliability, there are two or more power, in fire control rooms for automatic switching. At the same time also have DC standby power supply, to ensure its effective and reliable power supply. DC standby power use fire alarm controller dedicated battery or battery Central setting. When the DC standby power use of fire-fighting system centrally set of batteries, the fire alarm controller should be using a separate power supply circuit, and should ensure that the fire-fighting system at maximum load condition does not affect the normal work of alarm controller.

2. automatic fire alarm system of main and backup power supply, its size should be consistent with the requirements of the existing relevant national standards, in the standby power for charging and discharging 3 times, the main and standby power supply should be automatically converted. Using the main power and standby power supply, automatic fire alarm system control function and linkage function should be fine. Fire alarm controller power to automatically convert and backup power supply automatic charger, the standby power to undervoltage and overvoltage alarm function.

3. automatic fire alarm system with a CRT monitor, computer host, fire communications equipment, emergency broadcasting system is its main power use UPS power, this requirement is to prevent a sudden power loss resulted above device does not work properly.

4. disaster alarm system main power switch should not be a residual current protection switch. The reason for this is that the leakage current and ensure that device reliability to compare, the latter as the first. Controller's main power inlet, should direct and fire power connections, is strictly prohibited to use the power plug. The main power supply should be clearly marked.

5. fire-fighting appliances should use separate power supply circuit, and when the fire cut off production, consumption of electricity, should still be able to ensure the fire power, its power distribution equipment should be clearly marked. Its distribution lines and control loop should press the fire district.

6, high-rise buildings in fire control, fire pumps, fire service lift, smoke exhaust fan, power supply, should be the last level distribution box office set up automatic switching device.

7, a high-rise building electric power generation equipment, should be set to automatically start the installation, and in the 30s in the power supply. The second class of high-rise building electric power generation equipment, when the use of automatic startup difficulties, you can manually start the installation.

2. grounding

1, automatic fire alarm system grounding resistance value should meet the following requirements: the use of dedicated grounding, grounding resistance value should not be greater than 4 Ω, this value is the grounding requirements relating to your computer for unanimous. Use of common grounding equipment, grounding resistance value should not be greater than 1 Ω, and national electrical grounding specification for lightning protection and earthing system common grounding equipment, grounding resistance values called consistent. For grounding device is private or shared, to create a new project, generally try to use as well, where it is not possible to reach a private sharing can also be used.

2. automatic fire alarm system should be set dedicated grounding line and fire control rooms set up a dedicated add-floor. Dedicated grounding line should meet fire control rooms dedicated to grounding on the floor. Dedicated grounding link should use copper conductor insulated conductors, their core cross section area should not be less than 25 mm square. Dedicated grounding link should wear rigid plastic pipe laying to the grounding. Provides automatic fire alarm system should be in the fire control rooms set up dedicated next floor is necessary, this will help to ensure the system is working properly. Dedicated grounding link is received from fire control room floor to grounding that paragraph, if dedicated grounding refers to the floor from the received outside this period of grounding line. Computer and electronic equipment grounding line of general introduction paragraph cannot take flat or bare copper wire, etc., mainly in order separated with thunder, there is a need to avoid direct contact with the insulation, impact fire electronic equipment grounding effect. To do this requires dedicated grounding link should use copper conductor insulated conductors, their core area should not be less than 25 mm square, this requirement is a reference to the "IEC" standard, which is primarily intended to improve the reliability and minimize the conductor resistance.

3. use of common grounding device, generally add to the bottom floor in the basement of the reinforced concrete pile foundation for shared add-in location and not from fire control indoor pole directly welded wire leads, as private meet the floor.

4. work grounding line and protection earthing connection, you must separate the protection of the grounding conductor must not use the metal hose. Work grounding line should be used copper conductor insulated conductors or cables, not to use galvanized flat iron or metal hose.

5. fire control room to the next floor fire electronic devices dedicated grounding line should use copper conductor insulated conductors, their core wire cross section area should not be less than 4 mm square.

6, fire electronic equipment where the AC power supply, equipment, metal shell and metal brackets, etc. should be made to protect the Earth, Earth wire with electric protection earthing (PE) route. The power supply line should adopt single-phase and three-wire power supply system.

7. fire control room to the grounding of grounding line, through walls, into the pipe or other sturdy protective tube.

III. wiring

1, automatic fire alarm system cabling, should be consistent with existing national standards for the electrical installation work construction and acceptance. Wiring, according to the existing national standards of the automatic fire alarm system design code of conductor types, voltage level. Automatic fire alarm system of transmission lines and power control circuit below 50V, should adopt the voltage level not lower than AC 250V insulated conductors of copper or copper cable. Using AC power supply 220/380V or control lineShould be not less than the AC voltage 500V for copper conductor insulated conductors or cables with copper conductor.

2. automatic fire alarm system of transmission line stringing catheter and low-voltage power distribution systems for threading conduit, should adopt the metal pipe, flame treatment of hard plastic or closed several trunking etc., laying a downlead or concealed. When using rigid plastic tube, the application of the flame retardant, its oxygen index requires not less than 30, such as wiring trunking, trunking using closed fire safety requirements. If using ordinary trunking, trunking cable for trunk system, this cable use fire-type. When using Express installation, you should adopt the metal pipe or trunkings protection and should be a metal pipe or trunkings on fire protection measures. Adopted by retarding cable can not wear metal pipe protection, but should be laying in cable shaft or ceiling with fire protection measures within closed Groove.

3, fire control, communications, and alert line and automatic fire alarm system of transmission line, more important, so this part of the thread a catheter choice more demanding, concealed is allowed to use retardant rigid plastic, other cases only using a metal pipe or trunkings. Fire control, communications, and alert line of catheter, General requirements for laying in non-combustion of structural layer, its thickness should not be less than 30 mm, for a pipeline in the concrete can afford to protection role in preventing fires and fire control, communications, and alert line break, so that the fire-fighting work can be done, resulting in greater economic losses. When using the downlead should be using a metal pipe or trunkings protection and should be a metal pipe or take fire on trunkings. From the mesh line, the main fire prevention measures are in metal tubes, trunkings surface with fire retardant paint.

4. automatic fire alarm system cable shaft, and electricity, lighting, low-voltage distribution lines and cable shaft set. If unconditional must be combined, the two cable should be arranged either side of the shaft. Main purpose is to prevent the strong electricity system on the current system of automatic fire alarm equipment. Should not be automatic fire alarm system of cables and HV power cables on the same vertical laying.

5. fire detectors of transmission line, to select a different color of insulated wires or cables. Cathode "+" line should be red, anode "-" line should be blue. The same project in the same color you should use wires, terminals should have a label. Primarily for ease of wiring and servicing. Practice, some manufacturers of auto alarm system transfer bus no longer divided into polarity, this construction is convenient, but transfer bus and 24 v power supply cable and chain equipment line or difference between the colors, will bring to the construction and commissioning is very convenient.

6, terminal box on terminations should select crimping or Tin solder point Terminal Board, its terminals should have the appropriate label. At present construction crimp technology has been widely adopted, the press can improve the reliability of operation.

7. the different systems and different voltage level, different current categories of line, and should not be worn in the same tubes or Groove within the same slot.

8, automatic fire alarm system, conductors with each circuit conductors 500V insulation resistance measurement of a megohmmeter, on his insulation resistance value should not be less than 20 M Ω. This is according to the current standard GB4717 on controller insulation requirements accordingly.

9, introducing controller cable or wire, should meet the following requirements: wiring should be neat, avoiding overlapping, and should be fixed firmly; cable and equipped to the end of the wire should be marked with the numbers, and in line with the drawing, writing clearly not fade; Terminal Board of each terminal, the terminal may not exceed 2 root; cable cores and conductors, should have not less than the margin 20cm; wire strands should be binding; wire inlet thread after plugging in the service should be carried out.

10, fire hydrant pump, spray pumps and other wiring: water pump motor power distribution lines often use flame-retardant cable wear metal tube and placed in the non-burning body structure, or use a fire-resistant cable with fireproof cable tray, or choose mineral insulated cable. Pumping supply General direct from high-rise building substation; when the substation and pump house nearby and belong to the same fire partitions, use fire-resistant cables or refractory bus along fire-type cable bridge downlead; when the substation and pumping distance and across the different fire partitions, you can use mineral insulated cable.

11, smoke control equipment wiring: smoke control equipment distribution lines, use downlead crosslinked fire-or low-voltage cables, mineral insulated cable may be concealed when General fire-resistant cable. Smoke control equipment of linkage and control line, the use of fire-resistant cable. Smoke control equipment for line in laying length should be as short as possible, avoid passing through different fire partitions.

12, fire shutter wiring: fire shutter power usually cited with dual power switch floor distribution box, fire shutter dedicated distribution box with radial or ring-type power supply to the control box. When fire shutter level distribution line is long, the use of fire-resistant cable and ceiling using fireproof Cable Tray downlead.

13, fire elevator wiring: fire lift by building the underlying substation laying two road green power distribution to the top of the elevator machine room, because lines are long and routing is complex, fire lift power distribution lines should be fire-resistant cable; when there are special requirements for reliability, two-channel distribution line all the way in the use of mineral insulated cable.

14, fire emergency lighting wiring: generally use flame retardant wire wear metal tube concealed within the structure of the inflammable and protective layer thickness (30mm, decoration engineering, emergency lighting line only within the downlead suspended ceiling, you should use heat-resistant type or refractory-wire and fire-resistant wiring into account.

15, other fire equipment wiring: fire incidents in broadcasting, fire telephone, fire alarm and other equipment for electrical wiring, when the conditions allow to give priority to the use of flame retardant wire wear protective tube concealed; when using MingPacking line, the corresponding lines do fire-resistive dealing or take into account the aforementioned measures heat-resistant wires.

IV. concluding remarks

From the above analysis, we found the automatic fire alarm system on power and cabling requirements than conventional lighting, power and other system requirements are higher, this is the automatic fire alarm system and joint facilities of the importance in modern architecture, design, construction must pay great attention to it and not for any reason without reducing the design standards, nor allow shoddy workmanship. The only way to effective automatic fire alarm system in modern architecture.


Reference documents:
The automatic fire alarm system design code (GB50166-98)
The automatic fire alarm system construction acceptance (GB50166-92)
The tall buildings design fire protection standard (GB50045-95) 2001 revision Board
The architectural design fire protection standard (GBJ16-87) 2001 revision Board

【 Weak current College 】 electrical fire detection conditions, means and content

First, the basic electrical fire detection conditions

1, should be in the electrical installation and wiring with 1n above-load operation, on entering the heat-stable State for detection and measurement.

2. should the client side for technicians on site support.

Second, the main electrical fire detection tools

The use of modern high-tech equipment, such as infrared thermometer temperature measurement, infrared TV scan, infrared camera shoot hot spectrogram and the use of ultrasound detectors measuring abnormal temperature, spark discharge and other phenomena and use conventional electric instruments, instruments such as voltmeters, ammeters, electroscope, grounding resistance tester, TRMS ampere meter, etc, on the operation of the electrical facilities of various operating parameters for measurement and use of Visual methods, control the relevant technical specifications, to run in high-voltage electrical equipment installation, use, maintenance, and maintenance of electric fire detection.

3. check (logging)

1, the transformer room

① Visual inspection of the set transformer room location, fireproof grade and hole sealing; transformer set, Visual quality, components, integrity and fire prevention measures; high-voltage cable (wire) installation, etc.

② with infrared series instruments detect the level transformer and cable (wire) contact temperature and beat the heat map.

2, high (low) voltage distribution equipment

① Visual inspection, high (low) pressure distribution equipment settings, installation quality, inside wiring, high (low) voltage cable (wire) connector, complete grounding, accessories and fire prevention measures, etc.

② with conventional Instrumentation (or read) the line voltage (flow) value, N lines of unbalanced current values, there is no exception PE line current and resistance values, etc.

Û infrared series instruments measuring wire and connection points, switch contact temperature and beat the heat map.

3. low-voltage power distribution box (spare)

① Visual inspection distribution box (spare) settings, material quality, installation quality, inside wiring, wiring terminal connection, Earth and fire prevention measures, etc.

② with conventional instruments measuring load current value, N line current value and there are no exceptional PE line.

⑶ infrared series instruments measuring box (spare) in the Terminal, the circuit breaker contact temperature and beat the heat map; the use of ultrasonic detector measurement has no spark discharge phenomena.

4. laying low-voltage distribution lines

Check the different places of power concealed, downlead, direct deposit and wear protection pipe line in the installation of electric fire hazard.

5, electrical lighting

Check the different places with electricity, a variety of lighting equipment in the installation of electric fire hazard.

6, switch, socket

Check in different places of installation of electricity, use of switches, outlets, electrical fire hazard exists.

Fire facilities detection content

First, the automatic fire alarm system

1. detection of automatic fire alarm system wiring insulation resistance, resistance, system grounding, pipeline installation and its protection status;

2. detection of fire detectors and alarm button settings, installation quality, protection RADIUS and surrounding Occluder distance, etc., and by 30 ~ 50% proportional sampling its alarm function;

3. detection of fire alarm controller installation quality, inside wiring, protection, earthing and standby power settings, the settings and transformation capabilities, and controller functions test;

4. detection of fire-fighting equipment control cabinet installation quality, inside wiring, hand, automatic control and the Panel accepted firefighting equipment signal feedback function;

5. detect elevator landing capabilities, fire elevators feature, cut off the non-fire-power functions and burning layer light display;

6. detection of fire control room, the fire protection equipment and fire hydrant button Office communication;

7, testing fire emergency broadcasting of audio features, manually selected layers and automatically broadcast, remote controlled opening and forcibly switches, and other functions;

8. detecting fire control room set location and clearly marked, indoor fire damper and independent pipeline set, double-circuit power settings and switching;

9, detection of fire emergency lighting and evacuation signs set, illumination, conversion time and graphic symbols;

Second, the fire service
1. check the nature of the fire water sources, the number of pipes and the diameter of the fire pool settings;

2. check the fire water tank volume, water level indicator and water facilities, ensure fire water and frost protection measures;

3. check the settings of the fire water tank, capacity, antifreeze, water and the State of the check valve;

4. detection of various fire pump performance, pipes, hand control, start time, and reserve and standby pump and power conversion functions, etc.;

5. detection combined with the pump set, signs and conveying fire-fighting water features, etc.;

3, indoor hydrant system
1. check the indoor hydrant installation, Assembly, specifications and spacing, etc.;

2. test the settings, the roof of a fire hydrant frozen Chan and enrich the water column length measures, etc.

3. check the settings of the indoor hydrant pipeline, pipe diameter, colors, ensure fire water and connect shapes;

4. detection of the first floor indoor hydrant and the most negative point of static and dynamic pressure and enrichment of the water column length;

5. check the manually restart the pump button's settings and functions;

4. automatic water spray (fog) fire control system
1. check the network install, connect, set the quantity and at the end of the nozzleEnd pipe diameter, etc.;

2. check the flow indicator and signal valve installation and function;

3. detection alarm valve group status of the installation, valve, various components and their functions;

4, detection spray head installed, appearance, protection and conservation area and the distance with nearby obstructions;

5. alarm function test valve sets;

6. automatic spray water (fog) system for functional test;

Fifth, smoke and air conditioning system
1. check the positive pressure air supply systems wind pipe, fans, air condition and measuring its set speed and value the positive pressure ventilation;

2. detection of smoke exhaust system fans, air, fire, air, and standby power settings and functions;

3. check the ventilation and air-conditioning system of the pipeline and fire damper setting conditions;

4. on the various systems for manual, automatic and linkage function test;

Six, fire doors, fire shutter and smoke vertical wall

1. on its appearance, installation, drive mechanism and action programs and manual and linkage function for detection;

7. gas fire extinguishing system

1. check the gas fire extinguishing system storage device between a bottle, components, extinguishing pipes and nozzles and protection zones set up and installation conditions;
2. gas extinguishing system simulation for the linkage experiment, view to the sound of the alarm after glow, procedures, and view the cut scene of power, auto-start, delay startup volume, fire valves and blower, injection process, gas emissions indicator, actions properly.

【 Weak current college 】 building fire facilities of content

First, the automatic fire alarm system
1. detection of automatic fire alarm system wiring insulation resistance, resistance, system grounding, pipeline installation and its protection status;
2. detection of fire detectors and alarm button settings, installation quality, protection RADIUS and surrounding Occluder distance, etc., and by 30 ~ 50% proportional sampling its alarm function;
3. detection of fire alarm controller installation quality, inside wiring, protection, earthing and standby power settings, the settings and transformation capabilities, and controller functions test;
4. detection of fire-fighting equipment control cabinet installation quality, inside wiring, hand, automatic control and the Panel accepted firefighting equipment signal feedback function;
5. detect elevator landing capabilities, fire elevators feature, cut off the non-fire-power functions and burning layer light display;
6. detection of fire control room, the fire protection equipment and fire hydrant button Office communication;
7, testing fire emergency broadcasting of audio features, manually selected layers and automatically broadcast, remote controlled opening and forcibly switches, and other functions;
8. detecting fire control room set location and clearly marked, indoor fire damper and independent pipeline set, double-circuit power settings and switching;
9, detection of fire emergency lighting and evacuation signs set, illumination, conversion time and graphic symbols;

Second, the fire service
1. check the nature of the fire water sources, the number of pipes and the diameter of the fire pool settings;
2. check the fire water tank volume, water level indicator and water facilities, ensure fire water and frost protection measures;
3. check the settings of the fire water tank, capacity, antifreeze, water and the State of the check valve;
4. detection of various fire pump performance, pipes, hand control, start time, and reserve and standby pump and power conversion functions, etc.;
5. detection combined with the pump set, signs and conveying fire-fighting water features, etc.;

3, indoor hydrant system
1. check the indoor hydrant installation, Assembly, specifications and spacing, etc.;
2. test the settings, the roof of a fire hydrant frozen Chan and enrich the water column length measures, etc.
3. check the settings of the indoor hydrant pipeline, pipe diameter, colors, ensure fire water and connect shapes;
4. detection of the first floor indoor hydrant and the most negative point of static and dynamic pressure and enrichment of the water column length;
5. check the manually restart the pump button's settings and functions;

4. automatic water spray (fog) fire control system
1. check the network install, connect, set the number to the end of the nozzle and pipe diameter, etc.;
2. check the flow indicator and signal valve installation and function;
3. detection alarm valve group status of the installation, valve, various components and their functions;
4, detection spray head installed, appearance, protection and conservation area and the distance with nearby obstructions;
5. alarm function test valve sets;
6. automatic spray water (fog) system for functional test;

Fifth, smoke and air conditioning system
1. check the positive pressure air supply systems wind pipe, fans, air condition and measuring its set speed and value the positive pressure ventilation;
2. detection of smoke exhaust system fans, air, fire, air, and standby power settings and functions;
3. check the ventilation and air-conditioning system of the pipeline and fire damper setting conditions;
4. on the various systems for manual, automatic and linkage function test;

Six, fire doors, fire shutter and smoke vertical wall

1. on its appearance, installation, drive mechanism and action programs and manual and linkage function for detection;

7. gas fire extinguishing system
1. check the gas fire extinguishing system storage device between a bottle, components, extinguishing pipes and nozzles and protection zones set up and installation conditions;
2. gas extinguishing system simulation for the linkage experiment, view to the sound of the alarm after glow, procedures, and view the cut scene of power, auto-start, delay startup volume, fire valves and blower, injection process, gas emissions indicator, actions properly.

Electrical fire detection conditions, methods and content

First, the basic electrical fire detection conditions
1, should be in the electrical installation and wiring by 1h above-load operation, on entering the heat-stable State for detection and measurement.
2. should the client side for technicians on site support.

Second, the main electrical fire detection tools
The use of modern high-tech equipment, such as infrared thermometer temperature measurement, infrared TV scan, infrared camera shoot hot spectrogram and the use of ultrasound detectors measuring abnormal temperature, spark discharge and other phenomena and use conventional electric instruments, instruments such as voltmeters, ammeters, electroscope, grounding resistance tester, TRMS ampere meter, etc, on the operation of the electrical facilities of various operating parameters for measurement and use of Visual methods, control the relevant technical specifications, to run in high-voltage electrical equipment installation, use, maintenance, and maintenance of electric fire detection.

3. check (logging)
1, the transformer room
① Visual inspection of the set transformer room location, fireproof grade and hole sealing; transformer set, Visual quality, components, integrity and fire prevention measures; high-voltage cable (wire) installation, etc.
② with infrared thermography transformer windings and high-low cable (wire) contact temperature and beat the heat map.
2, high (low) voltage distribution equipment
① Visual inspection, high (low) pressure distribution equipment settings, installation quality, inside wiring, high (low) voltage cable (wire) connector, complete grounding, accessories and fire prevention measures, etc.
② with conventional instruments to measure each phase line voltage (flow) value, N lines of unbalanced current value, PEThere are no abnormal current line and the grounding resistance values, etc.
Û infrared series instruments measuring wire and connection points, switch contact temperature and beat the heat map.
3. low-voltage power distribution box (spare)
① Visual inspection distribution box (spare) settings, material quality, installation quality, inside wiring, wiring terminal connection, Earth and fire prevention measures, etc.
② with conventional instruments measuring load current value, N line current value and there are no exceptional PE line.
Û infrared series instruments measuring box (spare) in the Terminal, the circuit breaker contact temperature and beat the heat map; the use of ultrasonic detector measurement has no spark discharge phenomena.
4. laying low-voltage distribution lines
Check the different places of power concealed, downlead, direct deposit and wear protection pipe line in the installation of electric fire hazard. 5, electrical lighting
Check the different places with electricity, a variety of lighting equipment in the installation of electric fire hazard.
6, switch, socket
Check in different places of installation of electricity, use of switches, outlets, electrical fire hazard exists.

Fire facilities maintenance content
This Center is the responsibility of running through the repair, maintenance of automatic fire alarm, sprinkler, fire hydrant, fire shutter, gas fire extinguishing systems, so that it is in a good and effective State. In peacetime to play the role of prevention, alarm, fire, timely alerts, cut off the power to isolate the source of fire, evacuation notices, fight fires, resolve customer concerns

Fire training

1. fire-fighting equipment in use such as: Manual alarm button, fire extinguishers, fire hydrant.
2. be familiar with to understand the composition of the fire-fighting system, function and role.
3, to be trained in understanding and mastering the fire alarm equipment operation and use

Fire protection engineering

Affordable automatic fire alarm systems, sprinkler systems, fire hydrant system, public broadcasting system, gas fire extinguisher system, safety engineering and fire protection engineering installation and construction.

Fire detector maintenance cleaning
Fire detector cleaning using the national key scientific research departments in the development of domestic and foreign latest technology and equipment, a good humidity and temperature control and measures against static electricity, modern cleaning technology, advanced cleaning equipment. Cleaning process using high-purity water as the medium, the ultrasonic cleaning process, closed-cycle system almost no pollution to the environment, while at the same time introduce and develop each kind of detector detection instruments, to ensure the quality of the detector after cleaning up the State page〈 GB50166 — 74G > standards.

【 Weak current college 】 building fire smoke hazards and control-of-Power By 【 China power house network 】

This article discusses the construction of fire smoke generation and its harmfulness, smoke damage to the human body is mainly due to the combustion of toxic gas by asphyxia and stimuli on human organs, as well as high-temperature effects. Through the smoke flow law of, leads to the implementation of effective control of smog, and presents some typical cases fire escape method.
Keywords: buildings, fire smoke flow control escape
Modern building flammable decoration, the chemical fiber rug and foam padded furnishings, the fuel in the combustion process produces a large amount of toxic smoke and heat, as well as to consume large amounts of oxygen. In building fire, the smoke is hindered people escape, trapped in death. According to the United Kingdom on fire casualties because statistics show that as a result of carbon monoxide poisoning suffocation or other toxic smoke smoked deceased General total deaths in 40%-50%, while being burnt to death of people, mostly to asphyxia collapsed after being burnt to death. Therefore, understanding and mastering the smog in building fire, control the flow of smoke diffusion is the building fire safety systems are very important issues.
1 smoke generation and hazards
Smog is a material in the combustion process generated with gaseous, liquid and solid substances and air mixture. Generally it consists of tiny carbon black particles full combustion or incomplete so burning products, water and fuel combustion decomposition products. Flue gas composition and quantity depends on the chemical composition of fuels and combustion reaction conditions (temperature, pressure and combustion of quantity, etc.). United States National Institute of standards and technology, using the "N-gas models" in the prediction of building fire smoke toxicity size has been verified, the ordinary civil construction material completely toxic combustion products from small quantity of gas, the gas primarily CO, CO2, HCN, HCl, HBr. National fire science laboratory of the research proposed in the Associate Professor Yang, fire gas toxicity is reciprocal influences, such as NO2 and CO will bring together existing CO increased toxicity; and NO, there is common with HCN to reduce the toxicity of HCN. Building fire in incomplete combustion conditions, not only the CO, CO2 and water vapor, there will be alcohol, ether, organic produce, the amount of carbon containing substances, in conditions of insufficient oxygen combustion, there is a wide range of carbon black particles. Smoke in low temperature phase is smoldering, smoke particles in liquid, solid blue white smoke. When the temperature rose to 260 ° c and above, as a result of dehydration occurs, produce a lot of free carbon particles, smoke black or dark gray, when fire point temperature rose to more than 500 ° c, the carbon particle will gradually reduce the smoke is grayed out.
When the fire broke out, due to the combustion consumes large amounts of oxygen, making the air oxygen concentration sharply declined, people long in this low-oxygen environment, resulting in respiratory disorders, blinded, spasm, pale blue, even suffocation. The building when the fire burning ambition, will also produce large amounts of carbon dioxide, when staff contact 10% ~ 20% after the concentration of carbon dioxide can cause dizziness, coma, respiratory difficulties, even paralysis of the nerve centres, so that the system is experiencing people lose consciousness, leading to death. In addition, you can create on the human body has a strong stimulus for gases, one does not see the direction of the had a familiar environment becomes illegible its evacuation routes and exports. People smoke environment correctly determine direction out of danger of visibility minimum is 5 meters, when people view down to 3 m, fled the scene is very difficult. People smoke, psychology very unstable, it will have a dread that panic, to organize evacuation fire-fighting operations resulted in great difficulty. At the same time, the role of smoke, sunscreen on evacuation and rescue activities cause a lot of obstacles. Burns high temperature smoke, also contribute to the loss of one of the main reasons. High temperature not only may cause heart rate, body sweating, fatigue, and dehydration occurs very quickly, and will put people burn burned to death. Therefore, smoke damage to the human body is mainly due to the combustion of toxic gas by asphyxia and stimuli on human organs, as well as high-temperature effects.
2 building fire smoke flow in
Large fire investigation found that the fire most lethal personnel did not die in fire room, but die in the near or far away, this indicates smoke in mobile and proliferation. Smoke diffusion in the horizontal direction of flow velocity, General 0.3 ~ 0.8m/s. In the vertical direction of flow velocity is typically 1 ~ 3m/s. The stair well, or pipeline chimney effect produces pumping pullout, smoke flow diffusion speed sometimes up to 5 ~ 7m/s. Building smoke flow and diffusion, in General, is due to the wind and the various ventilation system pressure difference, and because the temperature difference cause gas density difference of chimney effect, where the temperature and the temperature change is the smoke flow in the most important factor. When opening the door to the corridor room, smoke flows become more complex, it and building chimney effect, smoke, fire and temperature, and many other factors.
(1) building ventilation, air conditioning system on building pressure depends on the air supply and exhaust air balance status. If the air supply and exhaust air is the same, then the system pressure inside the building will not be affected, if more than one part of a gas exhaust, there will appear the pressurized air flows into the other part from there. Conversely, in exhaust gas of parts, exceeded the opposite phenomenon. Therefore, building ventilation, air conditioning system can follow a predetermined and beneficial manner designed to control the flow of smoke in a building.
(2) gas expansion. Temperature rise of gas expansion effect of smoke flow is more important factor. Under the gas expansion project, the law on fire during the burning of gas volume will expand 3 times, 2/3 gas will be transferred to other parts of the building. And expansion processes occur very rapidly, and caused considerable pressure, the pressure if measures are not taken, will force the smoke from the burning layer up or down to other parts of the building.
(3) chimney effect. When the roomThe air temperature is higher than outdoor, indoor and outdoor air density difference of buoyancy. Building the pressure in the upper part is greater than the lower portion of outdoor pressure, the pressure is less than outside pressure. When there are openings on the wall, through the opening at the top of the building, outdoor indoor air flows through the open lower;, indoor outdoor air flows. This phenomenon is building chimney effect. It is made of high buildings and outside air density difference, high-rise buildings of the external temperature is lower than the internal temperature of the air pressure difference from low pressure, the flow through the building up and then flows out of the building from above, this phenomenon is called is hot-pressing. In the low place external pressure is greater than the internal pressure, height, on the contrary, in the middle of a certain height, the same internal and external pressure, the presence of a neutral pressure plane. Chimney effect with the building of internal and external temperature difference and building height increases, in fire occurred at a lower layer, the chimney effect on shaft and a higher level of smoke pollution is particularly significant because the smoke rising from a low level to high level of potential. The chimney effect caused by pressure and airflow distribution, as well as the neutral pressure plane position, depending on the building compartmentation openings on gas flow restriction. Fire burning flown when, due to the large amounts of heat, the indoor temperature rises rapidly, building chimney effect even more significantly, the spread of the fire. Therefore the chimney effect on buildings of air mobility plays an important role.
(4) indoor wind direction, wind, wind speed on top has a significant impact on the smoke flow, and this effect with the building of the shape and size. Simply speaking, the wind makes the wind surface walls subjected to internal pressure, while the Lee side and both sides have facing of walls, flat-top-up pressure on. Both pressure air flow from the upwind side of the building, from the Lee side flow out of the building, building on top of the negative pressure on the top of the vertical ventilation ducts with a suction effect. At the same time as the horizontal wind pressure led to the rise of neutral surface, negative horizontal wind pressure led to the decline of neutral surface.
3 smoke control and escape
Evacuation operation time from the evacuation began to evacuate the end of time, which consists of walking hours (disperse from the farthest point to safe walking time) and exit through the queue time (calculation of all regional staff from export through time). And evacuation operations time prediction-related parameters and their relationship is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 and evacuation operations time prediction-related parameters and their relationship
In high-rise buildings evacuated due to fire takes roughly proportional to the height of buildings, General evacuation time longer, and in the stairwells and the building away from fire district formation of other local smoke situation unbearable time is shorter. Experiments in Canada shows that each layer of 240 people, through a 1.1 meters wide stairs to evacuation, a building of 11 floors of a building evacuation time need 6.5 minutes, a 50-building evacuation time needed 2 hours 11 minutes, but a high 100 m of the building in case of non-stop, smoke in the top half minutes reach. So in the event of a fire in a building during the complete withdrawal of the personnel is very difficult, such as tenants remain in high-rise construction, comprehensive fire safety system must be included on smoke and fire control, so that certain areas of smoke concentration always maintained in building consumer tolerable levels. These specific areas including the staircase and all users are easy to reach and to accommodate their floor space, etc.
Control of smoke "smoke" and "smoke". The "smoke" is to prevent the entry of smoke, is passive; on the contrary, the "smoke" is a positive change in the flow of smoke, so that the discharge is active outdoors, both of which complement each other. Currently smoke control measures taken are:
(1) to limit the amount of smoke. Smoke the best approach is to eliminate the source of the smoke. Therefore, in high-rise buildings, design of fire alarm system and automatic fire extinguishing system to provide an early warning of fire, in mass smoke generated before the fight fires or fire control. At the same time, the choice of housing, building materials and decoration materials, furniture, where possible, adopt smoke small material, so unfortunately there is a fire occurs when a small amount of smoke, smoke slowly, relatively more escape time, reduce the threat to life. Currently, Japan, the United States, France and other countries are provided in a number of important public buildings, ceiling, flooring, wall decoration to the use of combustible materials, fire officials frequently sent to the hotel to check there for furniture, curtains, carpet is not a flame of fire load, accounting.
(2) set the mechanical pressurization smoke control system. Its purpose is to fire in high-rise buildings to provide is not affected by the smoke evacuation routes and interference of the shelters. Setting the system's position should be considered as structures in the specific circumstances of the case, there are: does not have natural smoke conditions of smoke front staircase and; to open window natural smoke staircase but do not have the natural smoke exhaust conditions; former room does not have natural smoke condition the elevator room of fire; the fire by stairs and elevator shaft chimney effect of combined front room; closed room refuge. On the non-fire zone and evacuation channels should rapidly adopt mechanical pressurization for smoke control measures, to make the region's air pressure above the fire region air pressure, prevent the intrusion of flue gas, control the spread of fire. According to relevant materials, a well-designed mechanical smoke extraction system in the fire to 80 per cent of the amount of heat emitted to fire temperature significantly reduced, so the evacuation and fire play an important role. Using this way exhaust, in the design and use of the smoke should be divided, reasonable effective partition using the partition wall, smoke exhaust vertical wall, etc.
(3) make full use of the buildings constructed for natural gas. Natural gas is the role of the natural forces, the indoor and outdoor air exhaust stream. Generally use may open window and the window balcony or concave Gallery for natural gas.
Understand the hazards of fire and its flow pattern, but also to us in the event of a fire escape method when you select a theoretical basis. Building fire escape method is flexible, specific methods usually consists of onsite construction, fire protection equipment and trapped workers health,Psychological ability, and other factors. In the fire, were trapped workers should have good mental quality, keep calm, don't panic, don't blindly action to select the correct method of escape.
When building Setup refuge layer, escape masks, lifesaving decelerating, life-saving evacuation channels and other fire rescue equipment, activities in the building of personnel should always take the initiative to become familiar with and have the device performance and use methods, for emergencies. And much-needed escape in the event of fire, should try to actively use these fire rescue equipment, which will maximize the success rate of exit.
When trapped in a burning range also not big stairs or room to wet body, head wet cotton wool; from fire, not in the busy to get the thing to get out of danger. Escape way encounter smoke when squatting or belly, to breathe the residue on the surface is not yet contaminated fresh air. Floor below the ignition, and stairs have been fire and smoke all sealed, no hope of escape, you should promptly shut down and the fire room adjacent all doors, Windows, slow the spread of fire, and wet towel to cover their mouth, nose, the roof, balcony, safe and easy to be found. At night you can use shake flashlight, dropped a thing or something with eye-catching colors, such as moving to issue a distress signal. Despair is available on the rope, curtain fabric or surface tear into bars form a rope, firmly tied by a door or window of a frame with its decline.
Live fire smoke, mentally tend to fall into a terrorist and nervous breakdown, easily select reckless escape tools, or even choose to jump from escape. Jump from escape is very dangerous, in principle only while the firefighters are ready to jump from a life-saving cushion command can only be taken when jumping from a method. Even if there is no retreat, if life grave also has not been finally also to threat level, calmly waiting for firefighters arrived. Jumping out of the way is very skilled, you should try to jump from a life-saving cushion Central jump or select a pool, soft awning, direction. If possible, try to have some loose items. Open a big jump from the umbrella is also very scientific, this can slow down the attack force in.; If Freehand must hand jumping from the window or balcony with the body's natural hanging up and down, to minimize the vertical distance, hold down both hands before you head to reduce injuries.
4 conclusions
This article on building fire smoke generation, hazards, flow of discussions drew on smoke control in three effective methods, combined with practical, discussed several typical situations fire escape, the fire prevention and control will play a positive theory and practical significance.

Reference documents
[1] Yeoh, Liu Haibin. building fire smoke damage and fire escape method. Shandong, 2002 (1).
[2] the term East. high-rise construction fire smoke flow regulation and control measures. Anhui fire, 1994 (1).

【 Weak current College 】 gas safety management problems

Summary: this article by some provinces of gas safety management supervision departments, colleges and universities, research design and research unit, on the basis of the domestic and international gas industry status and trends of development and our gas fire safety management system, our country in gas safety management issues for the in-depth research and analysis.
Keywords: gas safety management fire assurance system problems
1. Overview
Use of gas in China at present mainly has the coal gas, natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) three broad categories. Gas industry development area broadly divided into gas cars, urban fuel, gas turbines, four basic chemicals.
With the ever-changing gas industry to flourish, the scale of production and consumption is increasing, more and more using the site, the situation is more complex, the existing security management regime has failed to keep pace with the rapid development of the gas industry. In policies, regulations, standards and specifications, etc. are not synchronized, not lagging behind in a complete set etc. also highlights the disadvantages. In recent years, in the production, transport, storage and use of fire, explosion, leakage and heavy industrial accidents abound, its rating and the number continues to increase, such as 98, Xi'an liquefied gas tank leak, explosion, etc, to the country and the people of life and property caused a great loss, but also to social public security and stability has brought about tremendous negative impact from a certain extent affected the gas industry to promote and develop.
Therefore, clearing the current China gas fire safety management issues for the sector in the establishment of a scientific and reasonable gas fire safety management guarantee that the new system will provide reference basis, has become particularly important.
This article is from the point of view of the fire, to present in the gas fire safety management certification system in question has carried out in-depth research, analysis and discussion.
2, our gas fire safety management system status
According to the 1991 March 30 by Ministry of construction, Ministry of labour, the Ministry of public security, the joint publication of Decree No. 10 of the city gas safety management regulations ", the construction sector is the city gas safety management of administrative departments, fire departments as gas safety management of the supervision departments and Labor departments as gas safety management of the supervision departments and pressure vessels, the competent authorities.
As the Fire Department, in gas safety management business, mainly related to: participate in the formulation and gas fire safety management related laws, regulations and standards, specifications and implementation; responsible for the testing and certification of fire products; gas production, transportation, storage, use, and other links of related sites, pipelines, equipment, supervision and management of user conduct fire; participation in gas accident disposal; daily fire training and public education.
Our current and gas fire safety management related law has three, that is, the fire service Act, the criminal code and the public security Ordinance; related fire safety regulations and rules very much, such as the chemical dangerous goods Management Ordinance, the town gas safety management regulations ", various provinces of the gas Management Ordinance; and numerous product technology standards and engineering design specifications, such as the design specification for city gas, the automotive LPG filling station design code, etc.
3, our gas safety management problems
Gas fire safety management involves planning, designing, building and construction, supervision, inspection, operation, maintenance and emergency treatment and so on, through the data collection and analysis, organizational Expert chats, as well as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Sichuan and investigation of Heilongjiang, China in gas safety problems summarized as follows:
1) security management mechanisms do not adapt to the economic development of the gas industry market
Gas industry involved in construction, energy, transport, labor safety, agriculture, and other management areas, gas industry safety management also involves fire and the competent authorities, the Central and local authorities of the relevant decree promulgated on gas safety management implementation. But local and Central Government and local departments of Decree coordination difficult at the same time, China's southern and Northern developed coastal regions of Central and Western regions with differences are large and require the same security management mechanism or regulations will result in many times.
10 article 4 of the Decree defines the Ministry is responsible for managing national city gas security work, the Ministry of labour and the Ministry responsible for the safety monitoring respectively and fire supervision, therefore, the various provinces of gas safety work should be performed by the competent authorities responsible for the construction. However, parts of the construction sector as the administrative authorities, in gas safety management has not fully realized, all functional departments lack regular coordination between, making the area of gas safety improvement efforts. From the survey, the country most large and medium cities in construction charge of System Management Office was established in gas or gas management service, but due to staffing and other factors, these departments comply with trade management functions to significantly more than fulfil the safety functions, there are only a few of the Office, too busy dealing with day-to-day individual, no energy holistic security management, and security management functions based on fire, safety and production monitoring and supervision Department, or let the gas supply unit to strengthen safety management.
Furthermore, as technology advances and market demand, the economic development of the gas industry in China is developing rapidly. And internationally by the Guild, intermediary organizations, insurance companies, entrepreneurs, and other common participation of gas fire safety management has not yet been formed of socialization patterns; on the other hand, the reform of government institutions, personnel, police and fire departments to streamline the passively mobilize-supervision and inspection of fire will be increasingly difficult.
2) legal system lag
Current gas safety management of the legal system and obvious enough, existing regulations seriously lagging behind compared with developed countries, there is a big gap, the main problems:
(1) regulatory lag. The current implementation of the provisions more authoritative gas only1991 publication of Decree No. 10, the provisions of the safety management of the gas only made principles, relevant legal responsibilities are not clear, in the actual operation elasticity is too large, it is difficult. And the release has been 10 years, during which the economy, market development and administration of a large, yet are revised.
(2) parts of the regulations. Throughout the country in order to strengthen the area of gas management and security work, the first 10 on the basis of the Decree has developed a wide range of gas Management Ordinance, approach. But since the local use of gas type, number, geographical and environmental conditions, the regulations are also a large difference caused national gas management no more unified management mode, the management functions of multiple, overlapping, supervision and management of uncertainty bounds, makes many security risks cannot be the whole solution.
(3) policies, lack of coordination. Regulations of the different ministries are inconsistent or contradictory, for specific departments bring many administrative inconvenience. For example: in 1998 by the Ministry of construction of exclusive publication Decree No. 62--the city gas management measures "in the" urban gas supply security "chapter of the various provisions of the decree with 10 greater access; on the light hydrocarbon fuel (5-carbon), Ministry of agriculture, seven units jointly issued" to promote the use of this new type of fuel, and the Ministry of public security, three units from security management point of view, have jointly issued prohibition in cities use this fuel. These regulatory inconsistency or contradiction in terms, that grass-roots management supervision departments at a loss, it is difficult to grasp, eventually caused the sector to shirk its responsibility, management chaos.
(4) the Government departments, law enforcement is not enough. Gas safety management essential to foreign gas industry operators do not dare to defy the law, the strict legal management will make illegal operators significant losses and insolvency. Our current gas industry operating in violation of one of the main instruments are issued rectification notices or penalty, fines far insufficient to deter illegal operators tend to rise up and down also fine, and the detailed rules for the implementation of the non-matching, so that enforcement action is hard to grasp or effects of unsatisfactory.
3) specification, standard without sound
Gas industry design specifications and relevant product standards for design, construction technology, is gas safety management of technical regulations. The current technical standards exist a number of aspects:
First, the formulation of relatively late, at the same time in order to take into account the interests of the various aspects of the specification of the content that is a replica of the actual operation, advanced technical content, not reflected by increased gas equipment facilities of its own high-tech content of intrinsically safe guiding ideology;
Second, technical specification revision cycle is long, and the rapid development of the economic situation and the urban environment not adapted to new technology, new technology, new equipment, new measures could not be found in the practical application of the legal basis.
Its three main spec lacks scientific basis. If critical gas facilities of the fire separation problem, Russia is sparsely populated, still continue to increase gas facilities of the fire separation this negative concept of protection, in compliance with less emphasized in the science and technology content and quality, and other technical measures to ensure that gas facilities of their own operational security. Our existing standards of making more use of this concept. Yet the concept did not adapt to our country, especially in large cities and coastal economy developed and densely populated areas of gas construction development. A is the area of valuable land is very difficult to achieve this kind of long-distance security isolation design; and second, once an explosion of high-pressure gas facility, a safe, 200 metres distance cannot guarantee security. While Europe and the United States, Australia and Japan and other countries, the use of high-technology content to ensure safety, standard specification for developing sector of scientific research and experimental base, they are based on experimental data to determine the guaranteed security measures must be taken, and depending on the regional level and technical measures to determine the different safety distance.
Fourth, some important gas facilities standards and engineering specifications are missing, such as the high pressure natural gas pipeline project in the city of specifications, all kinds of gas engineering construction acceptance, etc. In addition, the gas quality with hose and ageing, gas alarm technology, yet without the use of qualitative and quantitative concept.
4) design, the examination and acceptance of operability is not strong
Since the specification standards, flexibility, to design, examination and acceptance brings operational not strong disadvantages.
As the design department, the owners control investment requirements are often difficult to adopt high-tech products and measures to ensure the safety of the gas-fired facility itself, once it has been difficult to achieve the safe distance specifications can only take the Department coordinated approach, but this kind of coordination often lack experimental techniques.
Current gas project examination subject to the police and the Fire Department, in the light of the technological process of gas facilities and specialized equipment complexity, the Fire Department of professional level much lower than the gas industry technical management Department, its examination difficult. Such as Beijing, some provincial and municipal fire departments that fire departments should not bear incompetent technical links of examination work.
In addition, this stage gas facilities some important parts material quality level and industrialized countries are still exists a large distance, such as all kinds of valves, pipes, etc. Gas standards on product requirements not strictly, will probably make some low technical content of accessories for gas installations of key important parts that pose a security risk.
5) daily operational management of
For historical reasons caused by security breach, as well as new situations arise new security problems, lack of effective solutions, resulting in the day-to-day operation and management more problems. Mainly in the following areas:
(1) city gas network aging more serious. Part of the pipeline has been continuously for decades has never detect maintenance, its safety and reliability cannot be determined, with the possibility of accidents occurred from time to time.
(2) road reconstruction problems. Many of the city of gas pipeline network with the needs of urban construction, the location of the local pipeline changes, road widening and new entranceOpen cause gas pipeline in the driveway, but the foundation of the original pipeline without reinforcement, inadequate is a fire separation, more seriously, it is easy to result pipeline compression damage, gas leak occurred. In addition, the top of the gas pipeline build illegal construction is also a prominent issue that once protected by architectural effects tube rupture occurred, causing the death group of Group of malignant accident.
(3) the impact of construction is also a violation of gas pipeline safety. First, the gas pipeline construction quality assurance system is not yet adequate, engineering quality supervision multi-subcontracting, are not in place, do not meet the buried pipeline to national technical norms, but he is a secret project, some problems are more difficult to find. Second, outside construction damage to gas pipeline phenomenon is relatively common, next to the gas pipeline construction, construction unit or units not sought for construction of urban planning or the management unit of the gas pipeline, the pipeline construction, corruption blindly, gas leak, endanger safety.
(4) gas pipeline property rights unclear. Urban gas supply system, from the enterprise to the pipeline between users of property rights has not prescribed, leads to security management responsibility subject.
(5) the dwellers upholstery more hidden. At present the domestic gas pipeline laying lack effective means of control.
(6) liquefied gas steel cylinder management out of control, a high rate of accidents. As a substitute for coal quality fuel, since the 1980s 2Kg, 5Kg, 15Kg large amounts of liquified petroleum gas into the household and catering industry, the 1990s began to liquefied gas business, sales, transport and other areas, the vicious competition, noticed is highlighted, and therefore has had more security vulnerabilities.
6) emergency response capability is not strong.
Gas accident emergency ability including gas enterprise's own emergency power and capacity of public security fire emergency. Gas accident emergency key to cut off the gas, the fight against the spread of fire and prevent early and the protection of the surrounding important facilities.
Country in the context of the differential is large, such as Harbin, currently dominated by manufactured gas (natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas users 20-30%), as a result of decades of operation, as well as the importance of the sector has become more mature security management and emergency response mechanisms at all levels of fire fighting equipment fire forces are more advanced, once an accident, fire, public security enterprise dedicated fire department and medical rescue party at the accident scene effectively cooperate with a high accident rate.
Beijing, Shanghai and other major cities as in recent years the city gas to liquefied petroleum gas, natural gas, change of momentum and continuously enhance, accident frequency is high, its emergency response capabilities clearly insufficient. Including corporate rescue and fire detection and blocking of site, personal protective equipment, such as technical equipment as well as the standard setting of a fire station and so on, many area fire departments to the accident scene from master data and equipment, can not be timely identification, is in the blind position, it is difficult to determine the correct tactics, 1998 Xi'an "3.5" explosion is the obvious example.
In addition, the introduction of compulsory military service in China public security fire prevention, fire fighters in service for 2 years, the technology level of accumulation, difficult to adapt to complex gas accident scene. In view of the scene to leak gas varieties, concentration, equipment, containers, pressure difficult to clear, the Fire Department on scene of the accident only to rescue personnel and cooling protection limited role.
7) training is not normative, practitioners professional quality
Firstly, normative action practitioners is to eliminate the people-the key to gas accident. With the gas industry and the development of a variety of operating systems, there have been two important phenomena: the specification management of large enterprises as the key unit of fire safety, both inside and outside the strict monitoring and management, training of operating personnel more stringent, the second is part of the operating medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are not standardized, simply the pursuit of efficiency, seriously neglected the business training of operators.
Secondly, in the gas business operations staff of professional quality high enough, some people do not have trained on appointment, or have no periodic refresher training programs, safety knowledge particularly fire safety knowledge knows very little, and do not have the capacity to identify security risks, not to speak to the user information security knowledge.
In addition, there are a lot of places are not specialized professional training institutions, regional operations staff training vary considerably, the formalism, has opened two days will be issued a certificate, or to engage in profit-making purposes at all levels of repeat training. Different departments based on their security responsibilities or economic interests, training, more than one post, some evidence of serious training unit qualification authoritative Department authorized mandate, while gas business units affected by conditions and level of restrictions, for their own security training only a formality only. 8) insurance industry has not been involved in the fire safety management
Foreign insurance as a risk-benefit relationship occurs directly market economy entities in interventional gas industry the run link security risk assessment on the basis of the insurance cover. Insurance companies and their owners, Government, fire departments are mutual needs and mutual protection, restraint, a gas safety in the operation of an indispensable component.
China insurance industry is not really a market economy mode operations involved in the gas industry risk assessment and security management and supervision of the consciousness of the weak, but concerned about the size of the business of the insured, at the same time wishes to adopt the relevant government departments on the industrial fire safety oversight, luck to reduce or avoid the claim responsibility.
With China's accession to the WTO, foreign insurance inevitably to intervene to our industries, our insurance will change the operation mode, conforming to the international form.
4. concluding remarks
In the investigation before writing this article, the Office of the Ministry of science and technology have been, Shanghai, Sichuan, Guangdong Province, Heilongjiang, Beijing, Shenzhen and other places of Fire Corps, detachment, building departments, gas business enterprises and the Institute for leadership to support and help, I would like to assist all parties most grateful!
5, reference materials
[1] the implementation of the "consolidate and standardize the market economic order"God, consolidate consolidate the city gas market results ensure gas safety law, the Ministry of urban construction Secretary Yang, 2001.8.9
[2] the strengthening industry management, ensure that the gas safety law, construction Department of Henan province 2001.8.9
[3] the city gas safety regulations on the Ministry of construction, Ministry of public security, Ministry of labour (Decree No. 10) 1991.3.30
[4] the Chinese city gas industry status and prospect of China Association of Mr Ambrose leather city gas
[5] the increased efforts, strengthened and rectification of gas safety management on Hainan Provincial Department of construction
[6] the FPPA 1998.4.29 People's Republic of China
[7] the Shanghai gas safety management regulations of Shanghai Municipal People's Congress Standing Committee 1999.2

【 Weak current College 】 large garage fire protection design and fire management

In the new garage large garage grow faster. According to statistics, 2004 100 to 500 berths, large garage 33%, representing an increase of 63% in 2002; more than 500 berths 3% oversized garage. Large garage and solve a lot of parking problem, but it's fire safety management cannot be ignored.
In the fire on the large garage has the following characteristics:

A large garage and parking lot, in the event of fire, extremely easy burning even camp, consequences.

The second is a large garage and less natural smoke exhaust window, such as fire, smoke is difficult to cause difficulties of evacuation and fire fighting.

Third, the large garage in general settings in high-rise residential buildings or large public buildings, due to the large garage fire load, there is a fire burning for a long time after threatens over high-rise residential or public buildings, causing enormous economic damage and casualties.

Fourth, some buildings of important device control centres such as substation, fire control, fire control pump rooms, the majority are located in the underground garage, in the event of a fire prevention and control of these devices pose a serious threat to function properly.
Under construction or are about to build a large garage, you should note the following:
Design considerations for evacuation. Garage fire design specification provides the "garage, garage for each fire zones, its personnel security exports should not be less than two." However, most garages with a flexible approach, that is, each partition has a staff of fire exits, several fire partitions share an entrance, as well as individual underground garage itself has no independent evacuation export, fully depends on the architecture of staircases. This discrepancy and the regulatory requirements, to extend the evacuation distance, a security risk.
Designed to benefit the vehicle evacuation. Most of the large garage for parking the car, according to each car 30 m2 parking space, a parking garage for 100 cars, then this garage should set two car evacuation entrances. Today, thanks to set the car evacuation entrances affected facility layout of greenery and the ground, and do not facilitate day-to-day management, and therefore many construction unit's approach is: a fire partitions only one entrance, there is even a fire compartment of the entrance and there is no guarantee. In the event of fire, evacuation channel, shutter closes, fire prevention Division Automotive exit will not be able to use that part of the vehicle cannot be evacuated from the garage.
Design time attention and hydrants pipeline garage spray. Garage for use in a spray system for wet and acting type spray, taking into account the cost of project, my garage to wet sprinkler systems. Because indoor hydrant pipeline under normal circumstances is filled with water, winter insulation measures should be taken, because once the fire hydrant pipeline freezing, will result in significant property damage. Mechanical parking berths since 2000 have been developing rapidly, the average annual growth of over 50%. In accordance with the regulatory requirements, mechanical parking spaces should be in the top-layer set spray. But now some garage for parking duration, in part, even if settings are not set, the settings for how, where, in conformity with standard requirements.
Then there is the garage fire facilities within the automatic maintenance and maintenance. Large garage fire auto-alarm systems, sprinkler systems, wind, the smoke exhaust system and fire protection shutter with automatic fire linkage function, in the daily fire fighting equipment should pay attention to maintenance. At present, many garage fire alarm detectors have no regular cleaning, maintenance, individual garage rolling doors and exhaust fan blowing, administered, or even the perennial powered a bauble. Automatic fire-fighting facilities if the lack of regular maintenance and upkeep, in fire occurs, it will be difficult to play. In addition, part of the underground parking garage within a water pumping station, power distribution, and other equipment room, when the fire broke out, these devices use the room still need to adhere to the work, but some of the underground garage water pumping station and other important equipment of emergency lighting setting of illumination, the normal lighting requirements and evacuation channels blocked, causing fire State personnel cannot reach these important parts in the parts of the staff to timely evacuation.

【 Weak current College 】 fire system greatly entire

Property management system for fire
(A) the fire safety education and training systems
1, every year to establish fire safety knowledge propaganda posters, and other forms of knowledge competition, increasing staff awareness of fire safety.
2, regular organization employees learn fire safety legislation and regulations that govern it.
3. the Department should address status characteristics of fire safety education and training.
4, on fire facilities maintenance and use of personnel on-site presentations and training.
5, the new employees ' fire training, having passed the examination before appointment.
6, because of work needs to be carried out before the employee is reassigned to education and training.
7, eliminating control center and other special status to professional training, examinations, certificates.
(Ii) fire prevention inspections, inspection system
1, implementation of progressive fire safety responsibility and post responsibility system, implement the fire safety inspection inspection system.
2. fire-fighting work centralized management functions for the company's daily fire inspections. Monthly on the unit once a fire safety inspection and review tracking improvements.
3. check the fire hazards found in the inspectors should fill in the fire safety inspection records, and in accordance with the requirements concerned in the record signed.
4. check the sector should check the situation promptly notify client departments, the Department heads should be fire safety check daily to notify, if there is fire hazard of the unit should be timely rectification.

5. to check the fire hazards found in failing to comply with the prescribed time timely rectification of, according to the rewards and punishments.
(3) safety evacuation facilities management system
1, unit should maintain evacuation channels, safe and unimpeded evacuation channels is strictly prohibited to use, is strictly prohibited in safe export or evacuation channel effects such as installing fencing for evacuation of obstructions.

2. should the standard settings comply with the national requirements of fire safety evacuation signs and emergency lighting.
3. should maintain fire doors, fire evacuation signs, emergency lighting, mechanical exhaust air, fire, emergency broadcasting facilities in a normal state, and regularly organize inspection, testing, maintenance and upkeep.

4, is strictly prohibited in business or work during a security lock for export.
5. prohibited in business or work during the evacuation signs off, block or overwritten.
(4) fire control center management system
1. be familiar with and master the various fire facilities performance, ensure that put out the fire during operation ordered, accurately rapidly.
2. do a fire watch records and shift records, handling of fire alarm call.
3, on time-off, do watch records, equipment, incident handling, etc. of handover procedures. No shift, shift personnel be allowed to leave.

4, discovery equipment failure, should promptly report and notify the proper authorities promptly fixed.
5, non-required, shall use energy control center telephone, non-fire protection control center on duty prohibited from entering the room.
6. working time is not permitted to smoke in the energy control center, go to bed and read newspapers, and so on, should do a shift away from work.
7, discovered fire, quickly press the fire fighting plan for emergency treatment, and dial 119 phone notify fire departments and report on the Department.
(5) fire-fighting facilities and equipment maintenance management system
1. fire-fighting facilities daily use by full-time administrator is responsible for the management, full-time administrator daily check fire facilities usage, keep facilities clean, hygienic, healthy.

2. fire-fighting and fire-fighting equipment technical performance of maintenance and periodic technical inspection by the fire department responsible for centralized management of work, full-time administrator daily check in time to understand the operation of fire fighting equipment. View the running record, hear the person on duty, unusual time arrangements maintenance, the equipment shall be kept in such good order of technical state.

3, fire-fighting facilities and regular testing of fire fighting equipment:
(1) smoke, warm sense of alarm system testing efforts by the Fire Department was responsible for centralized management, and security implementation, each cigarette, temperature sensing probe measuring at least once in each of the rings.

(2) the fire pump, spray pumps, water pumps running pump per month once, check its integrity.
(3) positive pressure ventilation, smoke detection system per year.
(4), sluicing indoor hydrant, spray test once every quarter.
(5) other fire equipment test, according to different circumstances test time.
4. fire-fighting equipment management:
(1) each year in the winter, summer and during regular twice on fire extinguishers for census dressing change.
(2) regular inspections of expert management, fire-fighting equipment, the guarantee is good state.
(3) fire-fighting equipment should be regularly checked and found that the loss, damage, should complement and escalation lead.
(4) the fire-fighting equipment from the Department of management, and specify the specialist is responsible for.
(6) the fire hazard modification system
1, departments on the existence of fire hazards should be eliminated.
2, in the fire safety inspection, responding to the discovery of fire hazards are the itemized registration, and the dangers of writing issued rectification within the departments, while doing a hidden rectification records.

3, in the fire hazard is eliminated, the departments should implement measures to ensure that hidden rectification of fire safety, there is no ability to solve a major fire hazard should come up with solutions, timely manner to the unit responsible for fire safety, and by the competent department or local government reports.

4, on fire agencies ordered corrections fire hazard shall be provided within the time limit for correction and writes out hidden rectification reply, submitted to the fire.

(7) the use of fire, electrical safety management system
　1. electrical safety management:
(1) forbidden la set wires, no overload of electricity.
(2) electrical wiring, equipment installed by certified electrician.
(3) each Department, the after work off the power supply shall be shut down.
(4) the ban on private electrical bar, such as high-power electric arc furnace.
2. the use of fire safety management:
(1) strictly enforce fire approval system for securing the required fire jobs, job unit should work to fire departments for centralized management of the "fire permit".

(2) hot job before clearing the fire near the 5 m regional range of flammable and explosive hazardous materials or make appropriate security isolation, and to defend the Department to borrow the appropriate type and quantity of fire-fighting equipment at any time to spare, end job after instant return, if it has used should truthfully report.

(3) if the operation point-in-place hot construction, should be required to the job point unit manager level or more officer applications for departments need to send someone on-site supervision and inspections are not regularly send people. 2 m above the ground of elevated fire jobs must guarantee a person specializing in below may ignite any time fight other articles spark.
(4) does not go through "fire permit" without the possibility of job seekers, this unit personnel be recorded less than the second action, serious expulsion.
(8) flammable and explosive hazardous materials and place the system of fire and explosion
1, flammable and explosive hazardous materials should be dedicated to the Treasury, equipped with the necessary fire equipment facilities, employees must be made by the fire safety training of qualified staff.
2, flammable and explosive hazardous materials should be classified, stored item by item. Properties in conflict with or extinguishing methods of flammable or explosive chemicals should be kept fenku.
3. flammable and explosive hazardous materials into the library before the filing of the Inspection Department inspection, warehousing should be registered.
4. inventory items should be classified, stored, each stack pallets and covers an area of not greater than 100 square meters, stack and stack is not less than one metre between the crib and wall spacing of not less than zero point five metres, crib and beam and column spacing of not less than zero point five main channel m, a width of not less than two meters.
5, flammable and explosive hazardous materials access should be performed according to the security operation procedures, warehouse personnel should adhere to the post, non-staff not free.
6, inflammable, explosive shall be in accordance with the regulatory requirements to take fire fire-explosion protection measures and do a fire and explosion facilities maintenance work.
(9) obligations under the fire service organization management systems
1. obligations of the firemen should fire work under the leadership of centralized management business learning and fighting skills training, the technical assessment of targets to be met.
2, in conjunction with the fire-fighting facilities, equipment, equipment maintenance checks, systematically on each duty firefighters turn so that everyone has the hands-on skills.
3. in accordance with the fire and emergency evacuation plan for each half-yearly walkthrough, combined with the actual continuous improvement plan.
4. once a year the fire, fire extinguishing knowledge examination, examination outstanding given recognition.
5, continued to sum up experiences, improve fire extinguishing self-help skills.
(10) fire-fighting and emergency evacuation plan for drill system
1. to develop in line with the actual situation of the fire and emergency evacuation plan.
2, organization, full of learning and familiar with fire and emergency evacuation plan.
3. each organization should carefully planted walkthrough before deployment, a clear division of the meeting.
4, should be developed by the plan, at least every six months to conduct a walkthrough.
5. after the end of the walkthrough should convene a comment will summarize plans seriously drill, found deficiencies should be timely to revise and improve the plan.
(11) gas and electrical equipment for checking and management system
1. should the correct installation and use of electrical equipment, the personnel must be approved by the requisite training to obtain a valid certificate issued by the Department before the operation. Various types of equipment are required to have laws and regulations of the valid certificate and the maintenance department to confirm before put into service. Electrical equipment should be made by certified staff periodically (at least once a month).

2, lightning protection and antistatic equipment regularly checking, testing, quarterly check at least once, each year at least detect and record at a time.

3. electrical equipment load should be performed in strict accordance with the standards, connector firmly, good insulation, device qualified, normal and good grounding, grounding resistance shall be in strict accordance with the testing of electrical construction requirements.

4, the line should be isolated from the casing, in special cases, it should use insulated good lead skin or rubber cable. Various types of electrical equipment and wiring should be regular maintenance, always excluded due to insulation damage may be caused by a fire safety hazard.

5, without authorization, is strictly prohibited without authorization extension cord. Departments should actively cooperate with the security team, the maintenance department personnel check the extension cord is only for emergency use, shell is intact, the maintenance department personnel detection after put into use.

6, electrical equipment, switch box line nearby designated in accordance with the standard yellow area, stacked in flammable and explosive substances and periodically check and exclusions.
7, equipment used to cut off the power. Without the test of formal power equipment, installation, maintenance personnel left the scene should be cut off the power.
8. in addition to the preventive measures have been taken by the departments, workplaces do not use open fire within.
9, using open fire departments should strictly observe the safety regulations and procedures, and ensure that no person with fire, the people from fire.
10, place non-smoking and smoking, posted every place employees have an obligation to remind other staff comply with the provisions of the smoking ban in public places.
(12) fire safety work evaluation and rewards
1. fire safety work performance, be communicated to praise or material reward.
2. fire safety accidents caused by those responsible, will be based on the severity of the consequences be different handling, except in accordance with State has been reached the public security Ordinance or has enough of criminal responsibility of the person responsible for accidents.Will be legally transferred to the relevant State departments, according to the provisions of this unit, be punished for the following acts:

(1) of the following situations, Visual loss and understanding manner subject to order compensation for the loss in whole or in part, be verbally warned:
A non-flammable goods, used in strict accordance with the procedures of improper conduct or custody cause fire, fire, loss not big;
B, smoking in no smoking or improper disposal of cigarette butts and cause fire, fire, loss not big;
C, failing to clean up the area of inflammable substances, the resulting fire hazard;
D, unauthorized, illegal use extension cord, power does not use security failure device or arbitrarily increase small load appliances;
E, false declaration of fire;
F, unapproved, playing with fire-fighting facilities, equipment, no adverse consequences;
G, on the Security Panel of the fire hazard is not be timely rectification and could not explain why the sector managers;
H, blocking fire channel, blocking the safety signs and so does not cause serious consequences.
(2) of the following situations, depending on the seriousness and understanding attitude, in addition to compensation for the loss in whole or in part, be informed criticism:
A, unauthorized use of flammable, explosive substances;
B, unauthorized fire facilities, equipment or to its use;
C, violation of security management and operational rules, absent resulting in fire, fire loss minor;
D, forced other employees breaches operations management staff;
E, discovery of fire, not in a timely manner in accordance with the emergency procedures;
F, on the security team check not coincide, refused rectification of the managers.
(3) any accident to hide the truth, not treatment, do not hold or provide false information, be dismissed.
(4) for violations of fire safety management lead to accidents (slight damage), but can take the initiative to frankly and actively assisting other departments dealing with incidents, recoup their losses of perpetrators or be responsible for Visual relief or exemption from punishment

Provisions for the management of distribution room fire
First, the person on duty to adhere to the workplace, implement the shift system, shall not absent, non-electrical engineering staff into distribution.
II. lines, equipment installation and the installation must conform to the specification for the electrical design, no charge maintenance jobs and overload.
Third, the strict implementation of the regulation, a scheduled inspection equipment functioning, unusual, immediately report seriously and record.
4. prohibited in indoor storage of flammable or explosive substances, and distribution around the indoor and the transformer should be kept clean, no storage of junk.
5. keep the Interior and equipment around the environment clean and keep all channels without clogging. Regular maintenance on electrical equipment, electrical equipment for a variety of security devices, to maintain complete and accurate, responsive, and effective.
6. close the doors and Windows, and to take reliable safeguards to prevent animals birds Tres indoor.
7. mix appropriate foot with Qi fire facilities and equipment, maintenance, remain intact.

First, set up by the unit responsible for fire safety, Manager, centralized management departments, such as the composition of the fire and emergency evacuation plan for walkthrough (walkthrough) leading group.
Second, the leading group by command training, fire-fighting operations section, the communications group, evacuation guidance group, security and rescue groups.
Third, the leading group, according to the actual development of fire-fighting units and emergency evacuation plans, half-yearly organization staff conduct a walkthrough.
4. plan for a walkthrough of the group in the group members according to their respective duties per half-yearly training.
5. fire and emergency evacuation plan for organizations of all types of personnel at all levels, must be completed in accordance with the uniform requirements, training time, arrived at the specified location.
6. through the walkthrough issues exposed by the fire safety of centralized management functions according to exercise leadership group comments, make modifications to the plan.
Seven, the group members according to work shift arrangements must be made up by two sets of personnel

【 Weak current College 】 maintenance equipment operation check standard

To improve the fire-fighting system maintenance work, the protection of the fire protection system is in a healthy state, especially formulates this standard for ** ** use. Each year the annual inspection, in accordance with the standard number of sampling in check, comprehensive focus, its check quantity should be appropriately increased; usual monthly checking or inspection, the inspection items and quantities may be appropriate to reduce. Standard expressed in "normal" complies with the relevant specifications or maintenance of the system when the inherited condition (to take over the text records when).

1, fire alarm controller (including the District reported that, following screen display, simulation, etc.) and the main features of the linkage controller, e.g. fire alarms, fault alarm, fire alarm priority, self test, noise elimination, reduction, and standby power automatic switch, and general functionality such as: main electrical voltage alarm, clock, print, and so should be fine.

Check quantity: 5 sets the following inspection, 6-10 by sampling 5 sets, 10 more sampling 30%-50%, but not less than 5.

2, fire hydrant pump, spray pumps, live control room manually and linkage to start (stop) should be normal, displacement pump switch and standby power conversion, should be normal, various display normal control cabinet, linkage pumps work status is displayed properly.

Sampling quantity: checking.

3. voltage (pressurized) pump, pressure tank is working, power distribution box displays properly, pipeline pressure is normal.

Sampling quantity: checking.

4, exhaust fan, blower (air conditioning), a new fan site start-up and shut-down, fire control, manual and linkage control, power distribution cabinet (case) indicates that the normal, fire control room display normal working state.

Check the number: checking.

5, fire shutter (electric fire doors) onsite and close properly, fire control, manual and linkage control shutting down properly, flexible, reliable and in place.

Sampling quantity: 10%-30%.

6. chemical fire extinguishing system simulation start test: field manual emergency, fire control, manual and automatic control start function should be working properly, the appropriate sound and light alarm delay time and linkage control functions properly, the status displays signal correctly.

Sampling quantity: 20%-30%.

7, in fire control, manual, automatic control of the elevator stopped on the first floor, features and status display signals properly.

Sampling quantity: 20%-30%.

8, fire water tank, water tanks-water, indoor and outdoor suppository pressure normal, accessories, pump knot is no corrosion.

9, fire control, manual and automatic control equipment start-up and shut-down function should alert properly, signal display normal, sound and light properly. Requirements from the sound source Center 1 metres 90db sound pressure is greater than.

10, fire control, manual or automatic control of the selected layer radio common Horn switch, switch the main standby amplifiers and other functions normally, signal displays properly, the most distant point of the loudspeaker volume should meet the requirements.

Sampling quantity: host checking, Horn sampling 20%-30%.

11, fire control, manual or automatic control and communication point communication functions properly, voice clear signal displays correctly.

Sampling quantity: host checking, ext socket sampling 10%-20%.

12, water systems, smoke control system, various chemical fire extinguishing system pipe valves positioned properly in place.

Sampling quantity: 5%-10%.

13, fire detectors and alarm buttons simulate fire response tests are normal alarm, report it.

Check quantity: 100 persons only sampling 10, 100 only 5 per cent over sampling-10 per cent, but not less than 10.

14, fire hydrant button to restart the pump functions correctly, restart the pump location displays properly, pump work status is displayed properly.

Sampling quantity: 5%-10%.

15, flow meter, safety signal valve works, work status display signals properly.

Sampling quantity: 10%-30%.

16, with power supply unit for emergency lighting, evacuation signage, security export flag works, equipment, signs, displays, evacuation emergency lighting ground 0.5 Lux.

Sampling quantity: 10%-30%.

17, before and after the fire pump, pipe pressure started to be normal, the most negative point pressure should meet the requirements.

Sampling pump room and the number: most unfavourable point voltage.

18, pharmaceutical chemical fire extinguishing system pressure normal.

Sampling quantity: checking.

19, smoke air, air-valve scene, fire control, manual and linkage control properly.

Check quantity: 5%-10%.

(B) of the Basic project

1, fire alarm General function check. Such as: detector, sniffer second number masking capabilities.

Check the number: all.

Excellent: function all normal.

Qualified: there is a function not working properly, but does not affect other functions.

Not qualified: there are two kinds of the above functionality is not working properly.

2. fire detector simulation test for fire response to confirm that the light should be on and the direction of the installation location, the type is correct.

Check the number: (a) 2

Excellent: all normal

Qualified: normal amount sampling quantity above 90%

Not qualified: normal quantity is less than 90% of the spot check number.

3, clean, no foreign body detectors, not affect the substance of fire parameter exists.

Check the number: (a) 2

Excellent: probe cleaning,Foreign material

Qualified: detector cleaner

Not qualified: detector is not clean, the foreign objects

4, alarm and linkage control pipeline without loosing phenomenons, joint treatment is welded or crimp, wire, clear, structured walk.

Check the number: (a) 2

The good: not found loose and peeling

Qualified: a loose, or shedding

Not qualified: second place more loose, or shedding

5, break glass button clean and intact, identifies clear.

Check the number: (a) 3

Good: non-destructive

Qualified: cleaner, intact

Not qualified: do not clean or has not a only intact (e.g. broken glass)

6. fire box and pump combination, other water system equipment intact.

Check the number: fire box sampling 5%-10%

Excellent: all intact

Qualified: there is a damaged, but does not affect the use

Not qualified: a second more damaged or missing parts

7. water system pipe network device no corrosion.

Excellent: basic no corrosion

Qualified: minor corrosion

Not qualified: serious corrosion

8, various valves open and flexible.

Check the number: sampling valve total 10%-20%

Excellent: flexible opening and closing

Eligibility: to open and close, but there is a lack of flexibility

Not qualified: a above will not be able to open and close

9, spraying head intact, no deformation, no foreign body, without affecting the water around the obstruction.

Check the random number: 20%-30%

Excellent: all meet the requirements

Qualified: spray head section damaged, deformed (including decorative rings), but does not affect the use

Not qualified: one more sprinklers damaged

10, water system pipe network equipment without leakage.

Check quantity: not less than 10

Excellent: no leakage

Qualified: a slight leakage but without prejudice to the decoration, does not affect the use

Not qualified: one or more damaged decoration and impact of the use of minor leakage or serious leakage

11, fire shutter and fire doors open and flexible, reliable and in place.

Check quantity: 20%-30%

All good: flexible, reliable and close

Eligibility: to open and close, but one worth mentioning above not flexible, with card touch

Not qualified: a worth mentioning above cannot open and close, or open and close are not in place

12, ventilation and air conditioning smoke control system for all kinds of valves open and flexible, reliable and in place.

Check quantity: 20%-30%

Excellent: all open and close a flexible and reliable

Eligibility: to open and close, but there is a lack of flexibility

Not qualified: a above will not be able to open and close, or two or more open and not in place

13, chemical fire extinguishing system device network no corrosion.

Excellent: equipment network no corrosion

Qualified: equipment network local minor corrosion

Not qualified: device networks serious corrosion

14, pump adapter, outdoor suppository, fire water tank and intake and other device number, identifies clear, clear, easy to identify.

Excellent: flag clear, clear, obvious

Qualified: a logo, but not clearly visible

Not qualified: no logo